Table 11. Serum cytokine levels of monkeys fed on diets containing GM rice or non-GM rice(pg/mL).

Group	Non-GM rice (n = 4)#	Positive control (n = 4)#	17.5% GM rice (n = 4)	70% GM rice (n = 4)
Pre-dose
IFN-γ	1.91±0.28	1.94±0.26	1.87±0.20	1.71±0.21
TNF	1.62±0.16	1.52±0.30	1.40±0.13	1.59±0.17
IL-6	1.93±1.37	1.42±0.22	1.36±0.29	1.50±0.27
IL-5	1.23±0.10	1.33±0.27	1.32±0.21	1.25±0.16
IL-4	1.23±0.10	1.28±0.11	1.22±0.06	1.21±0.11
IL-2	2.22±0.34	2.36±0.55	2.20±0.23	2.07±0.27
Month 1
IFN-γ	1.75±0.13	2.02±0.52	1.87±0.35	1.70±0.24
TNF	1.47±0.17	1.79±0.49	1.62±0.27	1.46±0.22
IL-6	1.72±0.57	1.77±0.39	1.54±0.26	1.50±0.16
IL-5	1.18±0.09	1.43±0.48	1.31±0.17	1.18±0.11
IL-4	1.20±0.07	1.37±0.30	1.32±0.15	1.20±0.14
IL-2	2.09±0.31	2.52±1.02	2.46±0.60	2.02±0.49
Month 3
IFN-γ	1.92±0.26	2.10±0.21	2.09±0.21	1.83±0.26
TNF	1.64±0.30	1.74±0.22	1.80±0.37	1.61±0.24
IL-6	1.74±0.41	1.87±0.39	1.85±0.31	1.72±0.23
IL-5	1.26±0.19	1.41±0.17	1.39±0.17	1.30±0.16
IL-4	1.33±0.18	1.46±0.16	1.49±0.26	1.37±0.19
IL-2	2.47±0.64	3.06±0.67	3.17±0.91	2.72±0.64
Month 6
IFN-γ	2.14±0.19	2.10±0.28	1.91±0.23	1.96±0.21
TNF	1.93±0.16	1.82±0.16	1.76±0.25	1.67±0.24
IL-6	1.53±0.10	1.56±0.11	1.44±0.26	1.46±0.17
IL-5	1.43±0.07	1.4±0.06	1.36±0.16	1.29±0.12*
IL-4	1.56±0.06	1.52±0.12	1.43±0.18	1.36±0.15*
IL-2	3.38±0.29	3.27±0.37	2.91±0.62	2.64±0.61*
Recovery period
IFN-γ	1.62	/	1.84±0.20	1.64±0.21
TNF	1.31	/	1.51±0.15	1.48±0.21
IL-6	1.66	/	1.41±0.07	1.56±0.38
IL-5	1.15	/	1.28±0.07	2.80±2.90
IL-4	1.17	/	1.25±0.05	1.28±0.10
IL-2	1.85	/	2.43±0.34	2.37±0.36

Note: Data are presented as the mean±SD.

*: Significantly different from the non-GM rice group at p<0.05.

**: Significantly different from the non-GM rice group at p<0.01.

^#During the recovery period, there were 2 animals in the non-GM rice group and no animal in the positive control group.