Table 6. Changes in Metabolic Measures at the end of the 8-Week Intervention and after 24 Weeks of Unsupervised Follow-up a, b.
| Assessment Period | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||||||
| Outcome Variable and Group |
Baseline | Week 8 | Week 32 | Week 8 – Baseline |
p value |
ES | Week 32 - Baseline |
p value |
ES | Week 32 – Week 8 |
p value |
ES | p value for overall interaction |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL)c | |||||||||||||
| CR | 171.3 (10.0) | 149.7 (10.6) | -21.7 (6.8) | 0.004 | |||||||||
| ADF | 166.9 (9.6) | 135.1 (10.1) | -31.8 (6.5) | <.001 | |||||||||
| CR - ADF | 4.5 (13.9) | 14.6 (14.6) | 10.1 (9.4) | 0.295 | -0.45 | ||||||||
| HDL (mg/dL)c | |||||||||||||
| CR | 38.9 (2.2) | 34.8 (2.0) | -4.2 (1.9) | 0.043 | |||||||||
| ADF | 38.2 (2.1) | 34.1 (1.9) | -4.2 (1.9) | 0.036 | |||||||||
| CR - ADF | 0.7 (3.1) | 0.7 (2.7) | 0.0 (2.7) | 0.996 | 0.00 | ||||||||
| LDL (mg/dL)c | |||||||||||||
| CR | 104.5 (8.6) | 87.6 (8.9) | -16.9 (4.9) | 0.002 | |||||||||
| ADF | 100.0 (8.3) | 77.4 (8.6) | -22.6 (4.7) | <.001 | |||||||||
| CR - ADF | 4.5 (11.9) | 10.2 (12.4) | 5.7 (6.8) | 0.412 | -0.35 | ||||||||
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | |||||||||||||
| CR | 139.6 (14.6) | 136.8 (11.5) | 151.6 (23.4) | -2.8 (11.3) | 0.804 | 12.0 (17.1) | 0.489 | 14.9 (18.2) | 0.422 | ||||
| ADF | 142.9 (14.0) | 117.9 (11.1) | 148.1 (24.2) | -25.0 (10.9) | 0.031 | 5.1 (18.8) | 0.787 | 30.1 (19.7) | 0.139 | ||||
| CR - ADF | -3.3 (20.2) | 18.8 (16.0) | 3.6 (33.6) | 22.2 (15.7) | 0.170 | -0.59 | 6.9 (25.4) | 0.789 | -0.11 | -15.3 (26.8) | 0.574 | 0.24 | 0.382 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | |||||||||||||
| CR | 91.6 (2.1) | 94.9 (1.8) | 93.3 (2.2) | 3.3 (2.3) | 0.166 | 1.7 (1.9) | 0.389 | -1.6 (2.1) | 0.472 | ||||
| ADF | 88.4 (2.0) | 94.4 (1.7) | 91.0 (2.3) | 6.0 (2.1) | 0.010 | 2.6 (2.1) | 0.228 | -3.4 (2.2) | 0.140 | ||||
| CR - ADF | 3.2 (2.9) | 0.5 (2.5) | 2.4 (3.2) | -2.7 (3.1) | 0.389 | 0.37 | -0.9 (2.8) | 0.76 | 0.13 | 1.9 (3.1) | 0.553 | -0.25 | 0.680 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | |||||||||||||
| CR | 19.3 (1.7) | 19.1 (2.1) | 17.2 (2.1) | -0.2 (2.4) | 0.945 | -2.0 (2.2) | 0.359 | -1.9 (1.3) | 0.157 | ||||
| ADF | 13.3 (1.6) | 16.3 (2.0) | 13.7 (2.1) | 3.0 (2.3) | 0.207 | 0.4 (2.2) | 0.855 | -2.6 (1.4) | 0.075 | ||||
| CR - ADF | 5.9 (2.4) | 2.8 (2.9) | 3.5 (3.0) | -3.1 (3.3) | 0.352 | 0.40 | -2.4 (3.1) | 0.437 | 0.33 | 0.7 (1.9) | 0.703 | -0.16 | 0.642 |
| Si (× 104 μU/(mL min)) | |||||||||||||
| CR | 2.6 (0.9) | 2.6 (0.8) | 3.2 (1.7) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.967 | 0.7 (0.8) | 0.421 | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.461 | ||||
| ADF | 1.9 (0.9) | 2.0 (0.8) | 3.0 (1.7) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.676 | 1.1 (0.8) | 0.218 | 1.0 (0.9) | 0.295 | ||||
| CR - ADF | 0.6 (1.3) | 0.6 (1.2) | 0.3 (2.4) | -0.1 (0.3) | 0.799 | 0.11 | -0.4 (1.2) | 0.735 | 0.15 | -0.3 (1.2) | 0.803 | 0.11 | 0.898 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | |||||||||||||
| CR | 30.5 (3.4) | 19.2 (2.9) | 31.4 (4.7) | -11.3 (2.3) | <.001 | 0.9 (3.0) | 0.761 | 12.2 (3.0) | <.001 | ||||
| ADF | 29.2 (3.3) | 15.2 (2.8) | 26.1 (4.8) | -13.9 (2.4) | <.001 | -3.1 (3.3) | 0.363 | 10.8 (3.3) | 0.003 | ||||
| CR - ADF | 1.3 (4.7) | 4.0 (4.0) | 5.3 (6.7) | 2.7 (3.3) | 0.432 | -0.33 | 4.0 (4.5) | 0.379 | -0.37 | 1.4 (4.5) | 0.761 | -0.13 | 0.599 |
| Ghrelin (pg/mL) | |||||||||||||
| CR | 810.3 (53.0) | 894.3 (79.4) | 881.6 (56.8) | 84.0 (45.6) | 0.079 | 71.4 (34.2) | 0.048 | -12.7 (48.1) | 0.795 | ||||
| ADF | 775.8 (51.4) | 900.2 (77.2) | 792.4 (57.5) | 124.4 (46.2) | 0.013 | 16.6 (38.7) | 0.673 | -107.8 (50.2) | 0.043 | ||||
| CR - ADF | 34.5 (73.8) | -5.9 (110.8) | 89.3 (80.8) | -40.4 (64.9) | 0.540 | 0.26 | 54.8 (51.6) | 0.300 | -0.44 | 95.2 (69.6) | 0.184 | -0.57 | 0.364 |
| BDNF (pg/mL) | |||||||||||||
| CR | 22552.1 (1934.4) | 18510.0 (2070.6) | 18317.8 (1849.0) | -4042.1 (2124.3) | 0.070 | 4234.3 (2453.1) | 0.098 | -192.2 (2380.7) | 0.936 | ||||
| ADF | 20934.6 (1858.5) | 20165.4 (1989.4) | 25738.0 (1936.9) | -769.2 (2041.0) | 0.710 | -4803.4 (2480.0) | 0.065 | 5572.6 (2414.0) | 0.030 | ||||
| CR - ADF | 1617.5 (2682.5) | -1655.4 (2871.5) | -7420.2 (2677.8) | -3272.9 (2945.9) | 0.278 | 0.46 | 9037.7 (3488.3) | 0.016 | 1.08 | -5764.8 (3390.5) | 0.103 | 0.71 | 0.053 |
Linear Mixed Effects model analysis with unstructured covariance was used to assess the efficacy of intervention on each outcome variable. Test of time by group interaction used to test the efficacy of intervention (see p value for overall interaction). Results are mean (SE). Significant p values (p <0.05) are indicated in bold. Effect size (ES) is calculated as (2 × t value)/√DF, where degrees of freedom (DF). Hand calculations for between- and within-group differences may not be equal to data shown because all data were rounded to 0.1 decimal place. For CR: n=12 for baseline and week 8; n=10 for week 32; For ADF: n=13 for baseline and week 8; n=11 for week 32; Non-missing observations: n = 71.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL); Low-density lipoprotein (LDL); Insulin Sensitivity Index (Si); Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).
No available data for week 32.