Table 1.
Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the patients recruited in the present study
| Variable | HF present | HF absent | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographic profile | |||
| Number of patients | 156 | 431 | |
| Age, years | 69.4 ± 11.2 | 61.7 ± 11.6 | 0.001 |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 97 (62.3) | 355 (82.4) | < 0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.4±3.7 | 26.7±2.8 | 0.381 |
| Clinical findings on admission | |||
| Heart rate on admission, bpm | 80.16 ± 19.35 | 70.64 ± 11.13 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic BP on admission, mmHg | 119.6 ± 30.5 | 132.9 ± 24.2 | 0.001 |
| Blood glucose on admission, mg/dl | 168.5 ± 83.2 | 143 ± 77.4 | 0.007 |
| AMI location | |||
| Anterior, n (%) | 112 (71.8) | 190 (44.1) | <0.0001 |
| Inferior, n (%) | 38 (24.4) | 192 (44.5) | <0.0001 |
| Presence of STEMI, n (%) | 114 (73) | 338 (78.4) | 0.141 |
| LVEF (%) | 36.9 ± 9.1 | 57.2 ± 5.7 | <0 .0001 |
| Previous MI, n (%) | 34 (21.8) | 29 (6.7) | <0 .0001 |
| Previous HTN treatment, n (%) | 55 (35.3) | 278 (64.5%) | 0.0031 |
| Previous MI, n (%) | 34 (21.8) | 29 (6.7) | <0 .0001 |
| Previous PCI or CABG, n (%) | 16 (10.3) | 15 (3.5%) | 0.012 |
| Coronary risk factors | |||
| Smoking, n (%) | 74 (47.4) | 196 (45.5%) | 0.054 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 52 (33.4) | 142 (32.9) | 0.114 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 75 (48.1) | 207 (48) | 0.987 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 125 (80.1) | 343 (79.6) | 0.923 |
| Co-morbidity | |||
| Chronic renal disease, n (%) | 19 (12.2) | 17 (4) | 0.005 |
| Anemia, n (%) | 29 (18.6) | 34 (7.9) | 0.003 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 18 (11.5) | 15 (3.5) | 0.005 |
| AF occurrence, n (%) | 13 (8.4) | 8 (1.8) | 0.003 |
| In-hospital medication | |||
| Beta blockers, n (%) | 56 (35.9) | 292 (67.7) | <0.0001 |
| ACEI or ARB, n (%) | 113 (72.4) | 315 (73.1) | 0.916 |
| Digoxin, n (%) | 7 (4.5) | 4 (0.9) | 0.036 |
| Statins, n (%) | 134 (85.9) | 380 (88.2) | 0.876 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 127 (81.4) | 31 (7.2) | <0.0001 |
Plus – minus values are means ±SD. HF – heart failure; BMI – body mass index; BP – blood pressure; MI – myocardial infarction; HTN – systemic arterial hypertension; PCI – percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG – coronary artery bypass surgery; LVEF – left ventricular ejection fraction; AMI – acute myocardial infarction; STEMI – ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; AF – atrial fibrillation; ACEI – angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB – angiotensin receptor blocker.