Table IV.
Possible urinary-derived markers for identifying risk of MCI and AD.
| Study | Methods | Identified biomarkers | AD (n) | MCI (n) | Control (n) | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ghanbari et al, 1998 | ELISA | Higher urinary AD7c-NTP in AD | 66 | – | 134 | 96 |
| Ma et al, 2015 | ELISA | Higher AD7c-NTP levels in MCI | 45 | 60 | 65 | 99 |
| Zengi et al, 2011 | HPLC-ECD | Urinary 8-OHdG levels and serum PON1 activity could be used to determine and monitor the status of patients with AD | 21 | – | 20 | 100 |
| Kim et al, 2004 | GC-MS | PGF (2 alpha) was increased in AD | 34 | – | 20 | 101 |
| Yoshida et al, 2015 | LC-MS/MS + ELISA | 3-HPMA/Cre was the most reliable biochemical marker to distinguish AD from MCI | 32 | 22 | 74 | 102 |
| Rabassa et al, 2015 | F-C assay | High concentrations of polyphenols were associated with a lower risk of cognitive decline | 652 (demented-free) | – | – | 103 |
AD, Alzheimer's disease; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; AD7c-NTP, AD-associated neuronal thread protein; GC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; PGF (2 alpha), prostaglandin F (2 alpha); HPLC-ECD, high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection; 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine; PON1, paraoxonase/arylesterase 1; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-MS/MS; 3-HPMA/Cre, 3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid/creatinine; F-C, Folin-Ciocalteu.