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. 2016 May 27;2(5):685–700. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.05.010

Figure 8.

Figure 8

Figure 8

Acrolein scavengers show protective effects both in vitro and in vivo. (A) Cell survival in H4IIEC cells by 3, (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay (24 h). Means ± SEM, n = 3 experiments. *P < .05 compared with the corresponding treatments of alcohol (E) or acrolein (A) alone, by analysis of variance–Bonferroni analysis. C, control; E, 200 mmol/L alcohol; A, 30 μmol/L acrolein; HYD, 50 μmol/L hydralazine; CAR, 100 μmol/L carnosine. (B–F) Data are from livers of mice. E, alcohol; Hyd+E, hydralazine+alcohol. (B) Hepatic acrolein adduct accumulation in mice (magnification, 20×), hepatic steatosis by H&E (magnification, 80×), and Oil Red O staining (magnification, 20×). (C) ATF3, ATF4, GRP78, GRP94, and CHOP mRNA levels. Data are presented as means ± SEM (n = 6 mice). *P < .05 and ***P < .001 compared with alcohol (E) by analysis of variance–Bonferroni analysis. (D) Protein levels of phospho-JNK and total JNK, pro- and cleaved/active caspase 12, and CHOP. Numbers represent mean densitometry ratios normalized to corresponding control proteins (total JNK or β-actin). (E) Apoptosis by TUNEL staining (magnification, 80×), with quantification of apoptosis. **P < .01 compared with E by analysis of variance–Bonferroni analysis. (F) Liver injury: serum ALT and AST. Means ± SEM, n = 6 mice. **P < .01 and ***P < .001 by analysis of variance–Bonferroni analysis.