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. 2016 Jul 20;90(10):2531–2562. doi: 10.1007/s00204-016-1798-4

Table 5.

Mean values ± standard deviations (SD) of clinical biochemistry parameters in the serum of male and female Wistar Han RCC rats at 3, 6 and 12 months

Parameter Males Females
Control1 Conventional 22 11 % GMO3 33 % GMO4 Control5 Conventional 26 11 % GMO7 33 % GMO8
At 3 months
 ALP (µkat/l) 1.18 ± 0.12 1.09 ± 0.20 1.10 ± 0.22 1.13 ± 0.19 0.62 ± 0.07 0.61 ± 0.12 0.69 ± 0.06 0.58 ± 0.20
 ALT (µkat/l) 0.47 ± 0.08 0.42 ± 0.07 0.46 ± 0.03 0.52 ± 0.09 0.49 ± 0.37 0.34 ± 0.11 0.52 ± 0.22 0.51 ± 0.14
 AST (µkat/l) 2.07 ± 0.19 1.67 ± 0.16b,c 2.27 ± 0.64 2.50 ± 0.33 2.68 ± 1.02 1.78 ± 0.61 3.06 ± 1.24 3.44 ± 0.75
 ALB (g/l) 38.44 ± 2.08 37.91 ± 1.17 39.34 ± 2.61 39.16 ± 2.74 46.64 ± 3.29 45.18 ± 3.53 45.73 ± 0.78 48.47 ± 2.39
 TP (g/l) 63.53 ± 1.83 62.80 ± 0.46 64.95 ± 3.45 64.25 ± 2.89 70.07 ± 2.80 67.46 ± 3.69 68.78 ± 1.44 71.76 ± 2.81
 GLU (mmol/l) 6.46 ± 0.57 6.54 ± 0.83 6.26 ± 0.87 6.06 ± 0.68 6.62 ± 0.50 6.78 ± 1.40 7.29 ± 0.59 6.10 ± 0.78
 CREA (µmol/l) 48.21 ± 6.06 50.29 ± 6.44 48.10 ± 2.56 46.99 ± 4.65 50.72 ± 6.91 54.41 ± 8.42 49.39 ± 3.22 52.28 ± 7.31
 U (mmol/l) 6.21 ± 0.59 6.73 ± 0.67 5.88 ± 0.58 5.97 ± 0.48 6.18 ± 0.41 6.31 ± 0.80 6.61 ± 0.42 6.57 ± 0.64
 CHOL (mmol/l) 2.03 ± 0.18 2.10 ± 0.13 1.93 ± 0.08 1.99 ± 0.12 1.88 ± 0.33 1.71 ± 0.15 2.13 ± 0.26 1.87 ± 0.14
 TRG (mmol/l) 0.80 ± 0.12 1.05 ± 0.22 0.88 ± 0.20 0.80 ± 0.15 0.71 ± 0.16 0.61 ± 0.09 0.57 ± 0.07 0.67 ± 0.14
 Ca (mmol/l) 2.50 ± 0.04 2.48 ± 0.04 2.45 ± 0.07 2.44 ± 0.03 2.57 ± 0.06 2.58 ± 0.06 2.56 ± 0.02 2.56 ± 0.02
 Cl (mmol/l) 104.80 ± 1.04 104.60 ± 0.96 103.20 ± 0.97 102.60 ± 1.39a,c 101.70 ± 2.71 103.10 ± 1.64 100.20 ± 3.58 100.00 ± 1.32
 K (mmol/l) 4.80 ± 0.18 4.78 ± 0.19 5.37 ± 1.14 5.50 ± 1.27 5.13 ± 0.86 4.66 ± 0.32 5.02 ± 0.62 5.48 ± 0.84
 Na (mmol/l) 144.50 ± 1.46 143.50 ± 0.50 144.10 ± 1.67 144.20 ± 1.92 141.90 ± 3.13 143.40 ± 1.95 141.60 ± 2.22 141.30 ± 1.15
 P (mmol/l) 2.08 ± 0.16 2.08 ± 0.20 2.36 ± 0.39 2.43 ± 0.35 2.02 ± 0.41 2.00 ± 0.29 1.91 ± 0.13 1.99 ± 0.27
At 6 months
 ALP (µkat/l) 1.26 ± 0.13 1.42 ± 0.12 1.31 ± 0.23 1.17 ± 0.21 0.63 ± 0.15 0.60 ± 0.16 0.59 ± 0.21 0.53 ± 0.08
 ALT (µkat/l) 0.39 ± 0.05 0.43 ± 0.11 0.40 ± 0.03 0.45 ± 0.21 0.59 ± 0.37 0.61 ± 0.26 0.48 ± 0.30 0.58 ± 0.37
 AST (µkat/l) 2.42 ± 0.19 3.26 ± 1.21 2.54 ± 0.48c 3.38 ± 0.81c 3.15 ± 1.60 3.42 ± 1.24 3.13 ± 1.08 3.87 ± 1.45
 ALB (g/l) 38.17 ± 2.54 36.83 ± 1.53 38.60 ± 0.64 39.20 ± 1.04 45.18 ± 3.26 46.91 ± 2.83 45.68 ± 1.97 47.17 ± 4.00
 TP (g/l) 68.31 ± 3.76 66.91 ± 2.78 68.53 ± 1.40 69.17 ± 1.42 72.59 ± 3.15 75.29 ± 3.15 75.00 ± 2.54 75.53 ± 3.55
 GLU (mmol/l) 7.05 ± 1.09 7.89 ± 0.98 6.15 ± 0.40 6.07 ± 1.00 7.85 ± 0.44 7.56 ± 0.64 7.00 ± 0.63 6.07 ± 1.46a,c
 CREA (µmol/l) 44.38 ± 6.29 42.74 ± 4.79 42.45 ± 3.78 44.72 ± 3.72 41.60 ± 2.55 42.31 ± 2.61 44.29 ± 1.43 48.92 ± 8.42
 U (mmol/l) 5.54 ± 0.91 5.84 ± 0.61 5.27 ± 0.12 5.29 ± 0.20 6.39 ± 0.56 5.81 ± 0.51 6.23 ± 0.31 6.11 ± 0.49
 CHOL (mmol/l) 2.26 ± 0.19 2.41 ± 0.22 2.21 ± 0.14 2.37 ± 0.19 2.08 ± 0.32 2.11 ± 0.30 2.47 ± 0.21 2.20 ± 0.25
 TRG (mmol/l) 1.17 ± 0.36 1.10 ± 0.07 1.12 ± 0.18 1.08 ± 0.21 0.71 ± 0.17 0.72 ± 0.06 0.58 ± 0.15 0.58 ± 0.23
 Ca (mmol/l) 2.63 ± 0.07 2.61 ± 0.11 2.62 ± 0.04 2.62 ± 0.09 2.57 ± 0.07 2.59 ± 0.05 2.59 ± 0.04 2.54 ± 0.05
 Cl (mmol/l) 103.90 ± 1.39 101.40 ± 1.29a,c 102.80 ± 0.76 103.10 ± 1.75 100.90 ± 1.39 99.70 ± 2.36 100.50 ± 2.06 100.30 ± 2.56
 K (mmol/l) 4.97 ± 0.44 5.16 ± 0.18 5.24 ± 0.25 5.63 ± 0.64 4.90 ± 0.48 4.94 ± 0.22 5.15 ± 0.70 5.36 ± 0.98
 Na (mmol/l) 146.30 ± 1.30 144.20 ± 1.04a,c 146.80 ± 0.57 146.50 ± 0.79 143.70 ± 1.79 144.40 ± 1.98 143.30 ± 2.51 144.80 ± 2.31
 P (mmol/l) 1.65 ± 0.20 1.51 ± 0.27 2.05 ± 0.28a,c 2.01 ± 0.23c 1.36 ± 0.19 1.37 ± 0.07 1.64 ± 0.22 1.87 ± 0.47
At 12 months
 ALP (µkat/l) 1.31 ± 0.24 1.23 ± 0.20 1.42 ± 0.23 1.17 ± 0.23 0.59 ± 0.25 0.51 ± 0.07 0.56 ± 0.13 0.53 ± 0.14
 ALT (µkat/l) 0.80 ± 0.34 0.75 ± 0.34 0.71 ± 0.11 0.70 ± 0.21 0.68 ± 0.17 0.79 ± 0.33 0.61 ± 0.16 0.86 ± 0.34
 AST (µkat/l) 2.58 ± 0.79 2.48 ± 0.63 2.50 ± 0.49 2.76 ± 0.62 2.46 ± 0.79 2.69 ± 0.71 2.39 ± 0.57 3.36 ± 1.06a
 ALB (g/l) 40.04 ± 1.94 39.46 ± 1.65 40.52 ± 1.47 39.76 ± 1.94 42.62 ± 2.07 42.85 ± 3.01 43.62 ± 3.40 42.77 ± 2.48
 TP (g/l) 69.39 ± 1.93 68.64 ± 2.45 69.75 ± 1.57 68.06 ± 2.50 71.69 ± 2.70 71.92 ± 2.70 72.70 ± 3.90 70.14 ± 2.92
 GLU (mmol/l) 6.28 ± 1.13 6.17 ± 0.75 5.32 ± 0.49c 5.65 ± 1.08 5.47 ± 0.51 5.77 ± 0.80 5.51 ± 0.95 4.91 ± 0.65
 CREA (µmol/l) 42.53 ± 4.38 40.31 ± 3.53 42.03 ± 3.24 39.40 ± 4.37 41.50 ± 2.96 42.07 ± 4.30 44.91 ± 2.66b,c 42.85 ± 4.61
 U (mmol/l) 5.24 ± 0.71 5.52 ± 0.51 5.20 ± 0.69 5.12 ± 0.69 5.31 ± 0.67 4.81 ± 0.32 5.58 ± 0.66 5.34 ± 0.38
 CHOL (mmol/l) 2.76 ± 0.34 2.69 ± 0.37 2.55 ± 0.29 2.73 ± 0.49 2.20 ± 0.39 2.46 ± 0.52 2.55 ± 0.42 2.24 ± 0.29
 TRG (mmol/l) 1.44 ± 0.43 1.57 ± 0.64 1.41 ± 0.54 1.45 ± 0.46 1.05 ± 0.29 1.01 ± 0.30 0.98 ± 0.28 0.90 ± 0.23
 Ca (mmol/l) 2.66 ± 0.07 2.66 ± 0.10 2.64 ± 0.06 2.61 ± 0.05 2.60 ± 0.03 2.61 ± 0.04 2.62 ± 0.07 2.59 ± 0.04
 Cl (mmol/l) 105.70 ± 2.50 105.30 ± 2.12 104.45 ± 1.54 103.70 ± 2.24 101.90 ± 1.91 101.40 ± 1.91 102.55 ± 1.50 102.95 ± 1.54
 K (mmol/l) 5.41 ± 0.27 5.53 ± 0.49 5.76 ± 0.51 5.54 ± 0.31 4.71 ± 0.23 4.41 ± 0.20b,c 4.67 ± 0.50 4.88 ± 0.64
 Na (mmol/l) 145.50 ± 2.17 145.15 ± 1.49 145.80 ± 1.23 143.65 ± 1.72 141.80 ± 1.09 142.45 ± 1.54 142.35 ± 1.08 142.70 ± 1.55
 P (mmol/l) 1.89 ± 0.19 1.98 ± 0.26 2.12 ± 0.15b,c 1.95 ± 0.21 1.52 ± 0.25 1.46 ± 0.31 1.57 ± 0.27 1.63 ± 0.32

ALP alkaline phosphatase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALB albumin, TP total protein, GLU glucose, CREA creatinine, U urea, CHOL cholesterol, TRG triglycerides, Ca calcium, Cl chloride, K potassium, Na sodium, P phosphorus

110, 10 and 20 male rats fed the diet containing 33 % near-isogenic non-GM maize for 3, 6 or 12 months, respectively, were analysed

210, 10 and 20 male rats fed the diet containing 33 % conventional 2 maize for 3, 6 or 12 months, respectively, were analysed

310 (9 in the case of ALT), 10 and 20 (18 in the case of Alb, TP and K) male rats fed the diet containing 11 % GMO maize for 3, 6 or 12 months, respectively, were analysed

49 (8 in the case of ALT), 10 (9 in the case of ALT) and 19 (17 in the case of ALB, TP and K) male rats fed the diet containing 33 % GMO maize for 3, 6 or 12 months, respectively, were analysed

510, 10 and 19 female rats fed the diet containing 33 % near-isogenic non-GM maize for 3, 6 or 12 months, respectively, were analysed

610 (9 in the case of CHOL), 10 and 20 female rats fed the diet containing 33 % conventional 2 maize for 3, 6 or 12 months, respectively, were analysed

710 (9 in the case of ALT), 10 and 19 (17 in the case of ALP) female rats fed the diet containing 11 % GMO maize for 3, 6 or 12 months, respectively, were analysed

710 (9 in the case of ALP), 10 (9 in the case of ALP) and 20 (19 in the case of AST, TP, CHOL, TRG, Ca, K and P, 18 in the case of ALP, ALT and ALB) female rats fed the diet containing 33 % GMO maize for 3, 6 or 12 months, respectively, were analysed

aStatistically significant difference to the control value based on one-way ANOVA and post hoc t test (p ≤ 0.05) as well as with the Dunnett test (p ≤ 0.05)

(a)Statistically significant difference to the control value (p < 0.05) based on one-way ANOVA and post hoc t test, post hoc Dunnett test not significant

bStatistically significant difference to the control value (p < 0.05) based on the Wilcoxon test

cStatistically significant difference to the control value based on the 95 % confidence interval of the SES