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. 2016 Jul 3;594(19):5391–5414. doi: 10.1113/JP271324

Figure 2. Schematic summary showing synaptic regulation of SLD REM‐atonia neurons .

Figure 2

The activity of SLD neurons is likely to be controlled by coordinated cholinergic, monoaminergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic and peptidergic inputs. Key references for the represented pathways include (1) REM‐On pathway (Baghdoyan et al. 1987; Semba, 1993; Kubin, 2001; Weng et al. 2014); (2) REM‐Off pathway (Semba, 1993; Williams et al. 2012); (3) REM‐Off pathway (Hobson et al. 1975; McCarley & Hobson, 1975; Luebke et al. 1992; Semba & Fibiger, 1992; Williams & Reiner, 1993); (4) REM‐On pathway (Hobson et al. 1975; McCarley & Hobson, 1975; Svensson & Engberg, 1980; Egan & North, 1985; Satoh & Fibiger, 1986; Jones, 1990; Semba & Fibiger, 1992; Luppi et al. 1995); (5) REM‐Off pathway (Hobson et al. 1975; McCarley & Hobson, 1975); (6) REM‐On pathway (Lu et al. 2006; Fuller et al. 2007); (7) REM‐Off pathway (Boissard et al. 2003; Lu et al. 2006; Sapin et al. 2009); (8) REM‐Off pathway (Lu et al. 2006; Fuller et al. 2007); (9) REM‐On pathway (Shammah‐Lagnado et al. 1987; Lai et al. 1993; Semba, 1993; Boissard et al. 2003); (10) REM‐Off pathway (Peyron et al. 1998; Mileykovskiy et al. 2002; Zhang et al. 2004; Xi & Chase, 2010; Torterolo et al. 2013); (11) REM‐Off pathway (Peyron et al. 1998; Date et al. 1999; Ivanov & Aston‐Jones, 2000; Brown et al. 2002; Liu et al. 2002; Sakurai et al. 2005); (12) REM‐Off pathway (Boissard et al. 2003; Lu et al. 2006); (13) REM‐On pathway (Bittencourt et al. 1992; Del Cid‐Pellitero & Jones, 2012; Monti et al. 2013; Yoon & Lee, 2013; Devera et al. 2015); (14) REM‐On pathway (Luppi et al. 2013 a); (15) REM‐On pathway (Torterolo et al. 2009, 2013); (16) REM‐On pathway (Boissard et al. 2002; Morales et al. 2006; Sapin et al. 2009); (17) REM‐On pathway (Lu et al. 2006); (18) REM‐On pathway (Vetrivelan et al. 2009); (19) REM‐On pathway (Lu et al. 2006; Fuller et al. 2007); (20) REM‐On pathway (Chase et al. 1984, 1986; Soja et al. 1987 b; Lai & Siegel, 1988; Castillo et al. 1991 a,b; Holstege & Bongers, 1991; Kodama et al. 2003; Kato et al. 2006; Lai et al. 2010); (21) REM‐On pathway (Taal & Holstege, 1994; Alvarez et al. 2005); (22) REM‐On pathway (Takakusaki et al. 2001, 2003). Abbreviations: ACh, acetylcholine; BF, basal forebrain; DpMe, deep mesencephalic reticular nucleus; DRN, dorsal raphe nucleus; GiA, α gigantocellular nucleus; GiV, ventral gigantocellular nucleus; glut, glutamate; LC, locus coeruleus; LDT, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus; LH, lateral hypothalamus; LPT, lateral pontine tegmentum; MCH, melanin‐concentrating hormone; NA, noradrenaline; PB, parabrachial nucleus; PC, precoeruleus; PnO, oralis pontine; PPT, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus; SLD, sublaterodorsal nucleus; SOM, supraolivary medulla; vlPAG, ventrolateral periaqueductal grey matter; 5‐HT, serotonin.