Figure 1. Non‐/slow‐growing cells and starved cells are antibiotic‐tolerant, accumulate ppGpp, and express TAS.

1. Dynamics of establishing antibiotic tolerance during entry into non‐/slow growth or starvation. Fraction of antibiotic‐tolerant cells after treatment with ampicillin (2 h, 100 μg ml⁻¹) is shown at various times after the medium switch. Gray disks: non‐/slow‐growing cells, open circles: starved cells. Data from biological triplicate. Error bars represent one standard deviation.
2. Fractions of antibiotic‐tolerant cells after a 2‐h treatment of non‐/slow‐growing and starved cells with various antibiotics (ampicillin 100 μg ml⁻¹; chloramphenicol 140 μg ml⁻¹; kanamycin 100 μg ml⁻¹; ofloxacin 5 μg ml⁻¹; rifampicin 100 μg ml⁻¹; CCCP 50 μg ml⁻¹) 4 h after nutrient switch. Gray bars: non‐/slow‐growing cells, white bars: starved cells. Data from biological triplicate. Error bars represent one standard deviation. Statistical significance (t‐test or Wilcoxon rank sum test for kanamycin and ofloxacin, P‐value < 0.05) is marked with *.
3. ppGpp concentration in cells growing on glucose and in cells shifted from glucose‐to‐fumarate medium. Data from biological triplicate. Error bars represent one standard deviation.
4. Log2 fold change in transcript abundance of first genes in TAS operons compared to cells growing on glucose, normalized to housekeeping gene abundance. Green bars: 2 h after switch from glucose medium to glucose medium, gray bars: non‐/slow‐growing cells 2 h after switch from glucose medium to fumarate medium, white bars: starved cells 2 h after switch from glucose medium to medium without a carbon source. Data from triplicate experiments. Error bars represent one standard error of the mean.

Source data are available online for this figure.