Table 4.

Characteristics of dead and alive hospitalized CKD patients

Characteristics	Discharge status of CKD patients
	Dead CKD patients	Alive CKD patients	p-value
Number of patients (persons)	13,755	114,583
Age (years; mean ± SD)	67.89 ± 14.04	66.79 ± 13.70	<0.001
Sex (male/female)	1/0.98	1/1.07	<0.001
Health scheme (%)
UCS/CSMBS/SHI	74.5/22.4/3.1	77.2/18.9/3.9	<0.001
Hospital levels (%)
Community/General/Tertiary/Private
First admission	24.6/29.7/41.0/4.7	46.1/22.7/26.7/4.5	<0.001
Frequent admission	17.3/33.0/44.9/4.8	42.7/24.2/28.5/4.5	<0.001
Last admission	14.9/34.6/45.9/4.6	43.4/24.2/28.0/4.4	<0.001
Onetime admission/Multiple admission (%)	54.6/45.4	63.9/36.1	<0.001
CKD diagnosed as primary/secondary (%)	21.7/78.3	24.2/75.8	<0.001
Proportion of ESRD ((%)	39.29	25.16	<0.001
Common co-morbidities (%)
Hypertension	59.54	59.26	0.52
Diabetes mellitus	49.40	45.06	<0.001
Hyperlipidemia	17.43	18.98	<0.001
Ischemic heart disease	23.10	14.04	<0.001
Heart failure	23.82	13.00	<0.001
Gout	10.12	10.94	0.003
Sepsis	44.68	9.29	<0.001
Pneumonia	28.06	8.19	<0.001
Acute kidney injury	21.61	7.33	<0.001
Diarrhea	8.30	8.56	0.31
Stroke	15.06	6.51	<0.001
Respiratory failure	34.22	5.14	<0.001
Complications (%)
Anemia requiring blood transfusion	43.01	28.64	<0.001
Hyperkalemia	27.10	13.47	<0.001
Volume overload	20.58	10.81	<0.001
Metabolic acidosis	20.35	6.77	<0.001
Dialysis treatment (%)
Hemodialysis	18.29	8.43	<0.001
Peritoneal dialysis	5.21	2.44	<0.001
Length of stay (days; mean ± SD)	11.4 ± 24.8	5.8 ± 8.8	<0.001
Hospital charges (baht; mean ± SD)	61,662 ± 164,842	18,656 ± 55,546	<0.001

Note: ESRD end stage renal disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, ESRD end stage renal disease, UCS Universal Coverage Scheme, CSMBSCivil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme, SHI Social Health Insurance, SD standard deviation