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. 2016 May 10;19(9):pyw046. doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw046

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) produces robust antidepressant-like effects in the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model of depression. (A) Schematic timeline of the experimental procedure. A total of 109 C57BL/6J mice were used in this experiment with 61 CSDS-stressed mice and 48 nonstressed mice. After 10 days of CSDS, nonstressed mice and CSDS-susceptible mice received daily injection of vehicle (0.9% saline), fluoxetine (20mg/kg), or GM1 (15, 30mg/kg) for another 14 days, after which behavioral tests were conducted. (B) The social interaction results for CSDS-susceptible mice (n = 48) and unsusceptible mice (n = 13) in this experiment. (C) The antidepressant-like effects of GM1 in the social interaction test. CSDS-susceptible + GM1 mice spent significantly more time engaged in social interaction than CSDS-susceptible + vehicle mice (n = 12). (D) GM1 treatment reversed the decrease in sucrose preference induced by CSDS. CSDS susceptible + GM1 mice displayed higher sucrose preference than CSDS susceptible+vehicle mice (n=12). (E) The antidepressant-like effects of GM1 in the forced swim test (FST). CSDS-susceptible + GM1 mice displayed significantly lower immobility time than CSDS-susceptible + vehicle mice in the FST (n = 12). (F) The antidepressant-like effects of GM1 in the tail suspension test (TST). CSDS-susceptible+GM1 mice displayed significantly lower immobility time than CSDS-susceptible + vehicle mice in the TST (n=12). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM; * P<.05, ** P<.01 vs control; # P<.05, ## P<.01 vs CSDS-susceptible/CSDS-susceptible + vehicle. Comparison was made by 2-way ANOVA followed by posthoc Bonferroni’s test.