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. 2016 May 6;19(9):pyw047. doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw047

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© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of CINP.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Figure 2. — Metformin accelerated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, induced autophagy in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mice and decreased α-synuclein accumulation. (a) Immunohistochemical staining of α-synuclein positive cells in substania nigra compacta (SNc) of mice with ×40 magnifications. (b) Stereological counts of α-synuclein positive cells in mouse SNc. (c-d) Western blotting analysis of pAMPK, AMPK, α-synuclein, p62, and light chain 3 (LC3). Data are presented as the mean±SEM, n=4 for each group. ^** P<.01 and ^*** P<.001 vs saline-treated mice. ^# P<.05, ^## P<.01, and ^### P<.001 vs MPTP plus probenecid (MPTP/p)-treated mice. Scale bar, 200 μm. MET, metformin.