Figure. 3.

Metformin inhibits glia activation and proinflammation factor expression. (a) Immunohistochemical staining of ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1) positive cells in substania nigra compacta (SNc) of mice with ×200 magnifications. (b) Stereological counts of IBA-1 positive cells in mouse SNc. (c-h, j,k) Western-blotting analysis of Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), procaspase1, capase1, prointerleukin-1β (proIL-1β), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and p65. (i) Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) analysis of Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-10, Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and IL-4. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM, n=4 for each group. ^** P<.01 and ^*** P<.001 vs saline-treated mice. ^# P<.05, ^## P<.01, and ^### P<.001 vs MPTP-treated mice. Scale bar, 40 μm. MET, metformin; MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine.