Table 1.
Diseases of chilli reported from different parts of the world.
| S. No. | Disease | Causal organism | Symptoms | Plant parts affected | Countries affected | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FUNGAL DISEASES | ||||||
| 1. | Fruit Rot | Colletotrichum truncatum (capsici) Colletotrichum gleosporoides Colletotrichum acutatum | Water soaked and sunken lesions with characteristic rings of acervuli in concentric rings | Leaf, stem, and fruits | Tropical and sub-tropical countries | Than et al., 2008; Saxena et al., 2014 |
| 2. | Cercospora leaf spot or velvet spot | Cercospora capsici Cercospora unonidicola | Small brown and circular lesions with light gray center and dark margins | Leaf, stem | Worldwide with most severe in warm and moist conditions | Cerkauskas, 2004 |
| 3. | Phytophthora blight | Phytophthora capsici | Affects root and lower portion of the stem leading to wilting | Leaf, stem, and fruits | South Korea and countries with high humidity and summer rainfall | Sanogo and Carpenter, 2006 |
| 4. | Damping off | Pythium spp. Fusarium spp. Sclerotinia spp. | Death of seedlings and subsequent reductions of plant stands | Roots and crown of older plants | Worldwide | Koike et al., 2007 |
| 5. | Wilting | Verticillium dahliae | stunting, defoliation, and wilting, with discoloration of the vascular system | Whole plant | World wide | Sanogo, 2003 |
| 6. | Powdery mildew | Leveillula taurica | Chlorotic blotches and spots on leaves followed by their shedding | leaves | Places with warm and dry climate | Glawe et al., 2010 |
| 7. | Root rot | Rhizoctonia solani | wilting and death | Lower region of stem and root | Worldwide | Sanogo, 2003 |
| 8. | Fusarium wilt | Fusarium solani var. capsici | leaf chlorosis, vascular discoloration, and wilting | leaf | New Mexico | Crawford, 1934 |
| BACTERIAL DISEASES | ||||||
| 1. | Bacterial wilt | Ralstonia solanacearum | Browning of roots and lower part of stem leading to wilting of plant | Root, Stem | Tropical and subtropical countries with high rainfall | Nguyen and Ranamukhaarachchi, 2010 |
| 2. | Bacterial spot | Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria | Water soaked lesions on leaves that turn brown, patches on fruits and stem | Leaves, stem, and fruit | Tropical and sub-tropical countries | Abbasi et al., 2002 |
| 3. | Bacterial canker | Corynebacterium michiganense | Light brown and raised lesions | Leaves, stem | USA | Ivey and Miller, 2000 |
| 4. | Bacterial soft rot | Erwinia carotovora | Softening of tissues | Fruits | Areas with wet and cold climate conditions | Stommel et al., 1996 |
| VIRAL DISEASES | ||||||
| 1. | Pepper leaf curl virus (PLCV) | Whitefly transmitted Geminivirus | Extensive yellowing of leaves with stunted growth | Leaves, stem | India, United States, Nigeria, South Asian Countries | Chattopadhyay et al., 2008 |
| 2. | Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV) | Aphid transmitted Potyvirus | Veinal and intraveinal chlorosis with stunted leaves and fruits | Leaves, Fruits | Afghanistan, Africa, and India | Berger et al., 2005; Arogundade et al., 2012 |
| 3. | Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) | Aphid transmitted Bacilliform virus | Distinct white to yellow calico pattern mosaic on leaves | Leaves | New Zealand | Fletcher, 1983 |
| 4. | Pepper mottle virus (PeMV) | Aphid transmitted Potyvirus | Mottled leaves with green vein banding and distortion | leaves | Florida, Arizona, Southern USA, Mexico, Central America, India, Thailand | Kaur et al., 2014 |
| 5. | Beet curly top virus (BCTV) | Leaf hopper transmitted Geminivirus | Stunted and yellowed plants | Whole plant | Western United States, Eastern Mediterranean basin | Stanley, 2008 |
| 6. | Pepper severe mosaic virus (PepSMV) | Aphid transmitted Potyvirus | Leaf shedding, necrotic streaks and spots on fruits, stem, and leaves | Leaf, stem, fruits | Argentina | Ahn et al., 2006 |
| 7. | Chilli veinal mottle virus | Aphid transmitted Potyvirus | Mottled leaves with green vein banding, mottled, and distorted pods | Leaf, fruits | Asian countries | Moury et al., 2005 |
| NEMATODE INFECTIONS | ||||||
| 1. | Root knot | Meloidogyne incognita | Stunted growth, low flowering and yield | Roots, fruits | Different parts of the world | Thiyagarajan and Kuppusamy, 2014 |
| INSECTS AND MITE INFECTION | ||||||
| 1. | Mite feeding injury | Polyphagotarsonemus latus | “Inverted spoon” shaped leaves, Pods with rusty/corky surface | Leaves, fruits | Australia, Asia, Africa, Europe, North and South America, Pacific Islands | Venzon et al., 2008 |
| 2. | Thrips feeding injury | Thrips parvispinus Scirtothrips dorsalis | “Boat shaped” curled leaves, distorted pods | Leaves, fruits | India, Sri Lanka, Orient and Pacific Islands, Continental USA | Maharijaya et al., 2011; Johari et al., 2014 |
| 3. | Aphid feeding injury | Myzus persicae Aphis gossypii | Distorted, mottled young leaves, chlorosis, leaf drop, reduced fruit size | Leaves, fruits | World wide | Tapia et al., 2008; Varghese and Mathew, 2012 |