Table 1. AD-associated autoantibodies and their potential roles.

Autoantibody Targets	Biomarker	Pathogenic or Protective	Immunotherapy	References
AD pathology-related
Aβ	Yes	Protective	Yes	[15-19, 23, 24, 28, 29]
Tau	Possible	Protective	Yes	[82-85, 91-93] [31, 32, 93, 94]
Neurotransmitters and receptors
Glutamate	Possible	Unknown	No	[34]
DA	Inconsistent	Unknown	No	[25, 37]
5-HT	Possible	Unknown	No	[25, 37]
NMDAR	Nonspecific	Unknown	No	[35, 36]
Glial markers
S100b	Nonspecific	Unknown	No	[25, 38, 39]
GFAP	Nonspecific	Unknown	No	[39, 40]
Microglia	Nonspecific	Unknown	No	[41, 42]
Lipids
OxLDL	Possible	Unknown	No	[47]
Phospholipids	Possible	Unknown	No	[48-51]
Ganglioside GM1	Inconsistent	Unknown	No	[52-55]
Ceramide	Unknown	Pathogenic	No	[56]
Vascular related
Rabaptin 5	Nonspecific	Unknown	No	[60]
RAGE	Inconsistent	Unknown	No	[24, 63, 64]
AT1R	Possible	Unknown	No	[65]
Cellular enzymes
Aldolase	Nonspecific	Unknown	No	[66]
ATP synthase	Possible	Pathogenic	No	[67, 81]
Others
Profiled by array-based “autoantibomic” techniques	Possible	Unknown	No	[68, 70-72]