DDR proteins are generally increased in response to PM exposure. Total protein was isolated from SIGCs treated with DMSO or PM (3 or 6 μM) for (A) 24 h or (B) 48 h, followed by Western blotting (n = 3 per treatment/timepoint). All treatments were run on the same gel per timepoint (n = 3/treatment) as depicted in the blots presented. Ponceau S was used for normalization with protein of interest and values were reported as raw mean value ± SEM. Different letters indicate differences between treatments; P < 0.05. PM induced increased γH2AX, ATM, PARP-1, PRKDC, XRCC6, BRCA1, and RAD51 after 24 h of the 6 μM PM exposure, while the 3 μM PM exposure increased γH2AX, ATM, PARP-1, PRKDC, and BRCA1 after 48 h.