TABLE 3.
Independent introductions of avian virus A-allele NS segments into mammalian hosts
| Prototypic strain | Host | Transmission | Notes | GenBank accession no. (NS segment) | Avian source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A/Brevig Mission/1/1918 (H1N1) | Human | Pandemic | Persists through classical swine, human H2N2, H3N2, and pdm2009 virus lineages | AF333238.1 | Undetermined |
| A/equine/Prague/2/1956 (H7N7) | Equine | Transmissible | Likely to be extinct | CY087820 | Undetermined |
| A/equine/Miami/1/1963 (H3N8) | Equine | Transmissible | Major circulating equine influenza A virus; also endemic in U.S. domestic dogs (canine H3N8 virus) | CY028840 | Wild |
| A/swine/China/8/1978 (H3N2) | Swine | Circulating in pigs | Kawaoka et al. suggest that this belongs in an Eurasian avian virus lineage that is circulating in European pigs (75) | M80968 | Domestic |
| A/swine/Belgium/WVL1/1979 (H1N1) | Swine | Transmissible | Representative isolate of Eurasian swine flu virus | CY037902 | Domestic |
| A/seal/Massachusetts/1/1980 (H7N7) | Seal | Epidemic in seals | Epidemic in seals with approx 600 fatalities (76) | AB284067 | Wild |
| A/seal/Massachusetts/133/1982 (H4N5) | Seal | Epidemic in seals | Responsible for a 1983 outbreak in which 60 seals were reported dead; 39 were positive for an H4N5 virus indistinguishable from the prototype virus (77) | M80947 | Wild |
| A/mink/Sweden/3900/1984 (H10N4) | Mink | Outbreak in mink | One of the first identified cases of avian influenza virus able to transmit readily in mammalian host (78) | GQ176140 | Domestic |
| A/whale/Maine/328B/1984 (H13N2) | Whale | Single isolate | Isolated from one sick pilot whale; no evidence of a transmission chain (79) | KJ372724 | Wild |
| A/seal/Massachusetts/3911/1992 (H3N3) | Seal | Likely transmissible | Two closely related H3N3 viruses were detected in three seals following an increase in the number of stranded seals in Cape Cod in 1992 (80) | GU052287 | Wild |
| A/swine/Hong Kong/644/1993 (H1N1) | Swine | Possible transmission. | Three independent H1N1 virus isolates from pigs with closely related NS segments; transmission information was not disclosed in the publication (81) | CY085013 | Domestic |
| A/England/AV877/1996 (H7N7) | Human | Likely single isolate | Isolated from a 43-year-old duck farmer with mild one-sided conjunctivitis (82) | GU053113 | Domestic |
| A/swine/Eire/89/1996 (H1N1) | Swine | Single isolate | No other closely related isolates of the same subtype, host, and year (83) | CY115892 | Domestic |
| A/Hong Kong/482/97 (H5N1) | Human | Individuals only | Includes related H9N2 human and swine virus isolates in China 1997–2010 | AF084285 | Domestic |
| A/Swine/Ontario/01911-1/99 (H4N6) | Swine | Likely transmission | Responsible for an outbreak in pigs with pneumonia in Canada (84) | AF285889 | Wild |
| A/swine/KU/2/2001 (H11N6) | Swine | Possible transmission | No published information available; four independent pig H11N6 virus isolates from the same year and location suggest ability to transmit within pigs | CY073456 | Domestic |
| A/swine/Ontario/K01477/01 (H3N3) | Swine | Likely transmission | The same H3N3 virus was isolated from more than one pig in a sick group (exact numbers were not disclosed) (72) | AY619965 | Wild |
| A/Caspian seal/Russia/1884/2002 (H4N6) | Seal | Possible transmission? | Two H4N6 virus isolates with very closely related NS segments were recovered from Caspian seals in Russia 10 yr apart; nothing was published for these strains | KJ847690 | Wild |
| A/Netherlands/033/03 (H7N7) | Human | Poorly transmissible between humans | Mostly independent transmission events from birds to humans; H7N7 virus was epidemic in poultry in the Netherlands in 2003 (85); H7N7 IAV was detected in 85 subjects, with 3 people being from within a household (86, 87) | AY342423 | Domestic |
| A/Beijing/01/2003 (H5N1) | Human | Not transmissible in humans? | Responsible for H5N1 bird flu; human-to-human transmission is rare or nonexistent | EF587281.1 | Domestic |
| A/Canada/rv504/2004 (H7N3) | Human | Likely single isolates | Infection of two poultry workers on different farms during H7N3 poultry outbreak in British Columbia, Canada (88) | CY015010 | Domestic |
| A/swine/Korea/S452/2004 (H9N2) | Swine | Likely single isolates | Two independent isolates of swine H9N2 viruses with very similar NS genes in 2004; the nature of infections was not specified in the literature (89) | AY790309 | Domestic |
| A/canine/Guangdong/1/2006 (H3N2) | Canine | Transmissible | Avian H3N2 virus adapted to canine host and transmits well in population | GU433352 | Wild |
| A/swine/Hubei/10/2008 (H10N5) | Swine | Transmissible in pigs | Wholly avian virus closely related to Eurasian swine IAV (90) | JX500447 | Domestic |
| A/swine/Jilin/37/2008 (H3N2) | Swine | Likely single isolate | Authors sampled 279 sick pigs, and this was isolated from only 1 pig; has M and NS genes from H10 avian influenza virus (91) | GU215038 | Wild |
| A/swine/Yangzhou/080/2009 (H6N6) | Swine | Likely transmissible in pigs | Detected from clinical samples coinfected with porcine circovirus type 2 in six pigs (92); closely related to A/swine/Guangdong/K6/2010 (H6N6); 3.6% of 475 sick pigs sampled were seropositive for H6 IAV (93) | JQ815882 | Domestic |
| A/swine/HuBei/06/2009 (H4N1) | Swine | Single isolate | Apparent direct avian-to-pig infection without chain of transmission; the first H4 avian virus detected in pigs (94) | JX878679 | Wild |
| A/swine/Guangdong/K4/2011 (H4N8) | Swine | Possibly transmissible in pigs | Isolated from a pig in a group displaying respiratory symptoms (H4N8 and H3N2) (95) | JX151011 | Domestic |
| A/harbor seal/Massachusetts/1/2011 (H3N8) | Seal | Probable transmission | 126 seals died from an outbreak caused by this virus (96) | JQ433883 | Wild |
| A/Mexico/InDRE7218/2012 (H7N3) | Human | Likely single isolates | High-pathogenicity H7N3 virus isolated from Mexican poultry workers with conjunctivitis in 2012 (97); likely direct infection from infected poultry; the NS segment is similar to that of A/Canada/rv504/2004 (H7N3) (GenBank accession no. CY015010) (98) | CY125732 | Domestic |
| A/Jiangxi/IPB13/2013 (H10N8) | Human | Likely single isolates | Human cases of H10N8 virus infection likely from live poultry markets in China (99); closely related to H7N9 precursor H9N2 strains | KJ406559 | Domestic |
| A/Nanjing/1/2013 (H7N9) | Human | Poorly transmissible in humans | From 2013 and onwards, source of H7N9 virus zoonotic episodes in China | KC896778 | Domestic |