Table 2.
Sulfonamides and their metabolites and transformation products found in manure
| Substance | Reference | Matrix | Origin | Min | Max | Unit | Dry matter content, comments or quotation | n | n positive | % positive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulfachloropyridazine | [28] | Pig and poultry manure | China | 0.340 | 3.660 | mg/kg (dw) | “Liquid swine manure” (ns) | 6 | 2 | 33 |
| [79] | Pig, cattle and poultry manure | China | 0.090 | 3.510 | mg/kg (dw) | (ns) | 143 | 7 | 5 | |
| Sulfadiazine | [20] | Pig manure | Germany (NI) | 0.700 | 235.100 | mg/kg (ww) | 0.5–16.8 % (mean 5 %) | 344 | 100 | 29 |
| [23] | Pig manure | Germany | 3.500 | 11.300 | mg/kg (dw) | 9.6–9.8 % | 3 | 2 | 67 | |
| [25] | Pig manure | Germany (BY) | 0.100 | 5.000 | mg/kg (ww) | 0.2–17.3 % (mean 3.7 %) | 380 | 19 | 5 | |
| [28] | Pig and poultry manure | China | 0.160 | 0.780 | mg/kg (dw) | “Liquid swine manure” (ns) | 6 | 2 | 33 | |
| [31] | Pig manure | Denmark | 0.630 | 2.100 | mg/kg (dw) | 2.8–13.4 % | 6 | 2 | 33 | |
| [55] | (ns) | Germany | 0.011 | 0.080 | mg/kg (ns) | “Liquid manure” (ns) | 4 | 2 | 50 | |
| [56] | Pig and cattle manure | Germany (NW) | – | 0.650 | mg/kg (dw) | Liquid and stable manure (ns) | 34 | 5 | 15 | |
| [77] | Pig manure | Germany | 0.700 | 35.300 | mg/kg (ww) | 0.7–16.11 % | 176 | 86 | 49 | |
| [79] | Pig, cattle and poultry manure | China | 0.020 | 3.120 | mg/kg (dw) | (ns) | 143 | 14 | 10 | |
| 4-Hydroxy-sulfadiazine | [56] | Pig and cattle manure | Germany (NW) | – | 9.050 | mg/kg (dw) | Liquid and stable manure (ns) | 34 | 8 | 24 |
| N4-Acetyl-sulfadiazine | [25] | Pig manure | Germany (BY) | – | – | not quantified | 0.2–17.3 % (mean 3.7 %) | 380 | 19 | 5 |
| [55] | (ns) | Germany | 0.010 | 0.270 | mg/kg (ns) | “Liquid manure” (ns) | 4 | 2 | 50 | |
| [56] | Pig and cattle manure | Germany (NW) | – | 0.150 | mg/kg (dw) | Liquid and stable manure (ns) | 34 | 6 | 18 | |
| Sulfadimethoxine | [25] | Pig manure | Germany (BY) | 0.050 | 0.600 | mg/kg (ww) | 0.2–17.3 % (mean 3.7 %) | 380 | 5 | 1 |
| [54] | Pig manure | China | 0.120 | 1.255 | mg/kg (dw) | (ns) | 126 | 3 | 2 | |
| Sulfadimidine | [48] | Pig manure | Austria | – | <20 | mg/kg (dw) | “Liquid manure” (ns) | 30 | 18 | 60 |
| [8] | Cattle manure | Canada | – | 9.990 | mg/kg (dw) | 24.4–44.4 % (mean 37 %) | 6 | 4 | 67 | |
| [13] | Pig manure | Switzerland | – | 14.400 | mg/L (ww) | “In the supernatant” (water phase) (ns) | 1 | 1 | 100 | |
| [15] | Pig manure | Germany | 1.000 | 1.100 | mg/kg (ww) | (ns) | 2 | 2 | 100 | |
| [15] | Cattle manure | Germany | <0.1 | <0.1 | mg/kg (ww) | (ns) | 2 | 2 | 100 | |
| [20] | Pig manure | Germany (NI) | 0.700 | 167.000 | mg/kg (ww) | 0.5–16.8 % (mean 5 %) | 344 | 183 | 53 | |
| [23] | Pig manure | Germany | – | 7.200 | mg/kg (dw) | 9.6–9.8 % | 3 | 1 | 33 | |
| [54] | Pig manure | China | 0.011 | 28.700 | mg/kg (dw) | (ns) | 126 | 65 | 52 | |
| [56] | Pig and cattle manure | Germany (NW) | – | 7.040 | mg/kg (dw) | Liquid and stable manure (ns) | 34 | 6 | 18 | |
| [58] | Pig manure | Germany | 0.130 | 20.000 | mg/kg (dw) | 1.2–28 % | 30 | 18 | 60 | |
| [75] | Pig manure | Germany (BY) | 0.140 | 1.700 | mg/L (ww) | 1–2 % | 8 | 8 | 100 | |
| [77] | Pig manure | Germany | 0.700 | 167.000 | mg/kg (ww) | 0.7–16.13 % | 176 | 85 | 48 | |
| [79] | Pig, cattle and poultry manure | China | 0.060 | 6.040 | mg/kg (dw) | (ns) | 143 | 17 | 12 | |
| [22] | Pig and cattle manure | Switzerland | 0.130 | 8.700 | mg/kg (ww) | 1.1–3.7 % | 6 | 6 | 100 | |
| [25] | Pig manure | Germany (BY) | 0.050 | 38.000 | mg/kg (ww) | 0.2–17.3 % (mean 3.7 %) | 380 | 181 | 48 | |
| [55] | (ns) | Germany | 0.011 | 0.062 | mg/kg (ns) | “Liquid manure” (ns) | 4 | 2 | 50 | |
| N4-Acetyl-sulfadimidine | [22] | Pig and cattle manure | Switzerland | <0.1 | 2.600 | mg/kg (ww) | 1.1–3.7 % | 6 | 5 | 83 |
| [25] | Pig manure | Germany (BY) | 0.050 | 27.000 | mg/kg (ww) | 0.2–17.3 % (mean 3.7 %) | 380 | 117 | 31 | |
| [75] | Pig manure | Germany (BY) | 0.120 | 1.000 | mg/L (ww) | 1–2 % | 8 | 8 | 100 | |
| Sulfadoxine | [28] | Pig and poultry manure | China | 0.350 | 0.710 | mg/kg (dw) | “Liquid swine manure” (ns) | 6 | 3 | 50 |
| [31] | Pig manure | Denmark | 0.015 | 0.220 | mg/kg (dw) | 2.8–13.4 % | 6 | 3 | 50 | |
| Sulfaguanidine | [79] | Pig, cattle and poultry manure | China | 0.010 | 1.550 | mg/kg (dw) | (ns) | 143 | 27 | 19 |
| Sulfamerazine | [25] | Pig manure | Germany (BY) | 0.700 | 0.900 | mg/kg (ww) | 0.2–17.3 % (mean 3.7 %) | 380 | 7 | 2 |
| [79] | Pig, cattle and poultry manure | China | 0.090 | 0.660 | mg/kg (dw) | (ns) | 143 | 6 | 4 | |
| N4-Acetyl-Sulfamerazine | [25] | Pig manure | Germany (BY) | – | – | not quantified | 0.2–17.3 % (mean 3.7 %) | 380 | 5 | 1 |
| Sulfamethizole | [54] | Pig manure | China | 0.052 | 2.422 | mg/kg (dw) | (ns) | 126 | 35 | 28 |
| Sulfamethoxazole | [25] | Pig manure | Germany (BY) | 0.050 | 0.050 | mg/kg (ww) | 0.2–17.3 % (mean 3.7 %) | 380 | 3 | 1 |
| [28] | Pig and poultry manure | China | 0.340 | 1.290 | mg/kg (dw) | “Liquid swine manure” (ns) | 6 | 2 | 33 | |
| [51] | Pig manure | Japan | 0.002 | 0.035 | mg/kg (ns) | (ns) | 5 | 4 | 80 | |
| [51] | Cattle manure after fermentation | Japan | – | 0.010 | mg/kg (ns) | (ns) | 8 | 1 | 13 | |
| [54] | Pig manure | China | 0.137 | 0.639 | mg/kg (dw) | (ns) | 126 | 6 | 5 | |
| [58] | Pig manure | Germany | <0.1 | 2.400 | mg/kg (dw) | 1.2–28 % | 30 | 2 | 7 | |
| [79] | Pig, cattle and poultry manure | China | 0.120 | 2.800 | mg/kg (dw) | (ns) | 143 | 7 | 5 | |
| Sulfamethoxypyridazine | [56] | Pig and cattle manure | Germany (NW) | – | 0.020 | mg/kg (dw) | Liquid and stable manure (ns) | 34 | 4 | 12 |
| Sulfamonomethoxine | [51] | Pig manure | Japan | – | 0.210 | mg/kg (ns) | (ns) | 5 | 1 | 20 |
| [51] | Cattle manure after fermentation | Japan | – | 0.022 | mg/kg (ns) | (ns) | 8 | 1 | 13 | |
| [79] | Pig, cattle and poultry manure | China | 0.060 | 4.080 | mg/kg (dw) | (ns) | 143 | 39 | 27 | |
| Sulfanilamide | [79] | Pig, cattle and poultry manure | China | 0.020 | 1.590 | mg/kg (dw) | (ns) | 143 | 5 | 3 |
| Sulfaquinoxaline | [56] | Pig and cattle manure | Germany (NW) | – | 0.670 | mg/kg (dw) | Liquid and stable manure (ns) | 34 | 3 | 9 |
| Sulfathiazole | [22] | Pig and cattle manure | Switzerland | 0.100 | 12.400 | mg/kg (ww) | 1.1–3.7 % | 6 | 4 | 67 |
| [25] | Pig manure | Germany (BY) | 0.050 | 0.100 | mg/kg (ww) | 0.2–17.3 % (mean 3.7 %) | 380 | 5 | 1 | |
| [54] | Pig manure | China | 0.312 | mg/kg (dw) | (ns) | 126 | 1 | 1 |
dw dry weight, ww wet weight, ns not specified