Table 4.
Patient demographics and clinical indices, stratified by payer status
| Parameter | Medicare (n=558) | Medicaid (n=88) | Other (n=150) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD, years) | 76±12 | 55±12 | 58±13 | <0.001 |
| Female, % (n) | 43 (238) | 46 (40) | 35 (52) | 0.15 |
| White, % (n) | 38 (211) | 16 (14) | 32 (48) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure characteristics | ||||
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (mean ± SD) | 44±19 | 37±20 | 38±18 | <0.001 |
| Heart failure preserved ejection fraction, % (n) | 45 (242) | 31 (26) | 33 (47) | 0.004 |
| Right ventricular dysfunction, % (n) | 45 (238) | 52 (43) | 46 (65) | 0.48 |
| Severe valvular disease, % (n) | 10 (52) | 10 (8) | 10 (14) | 1.00 |
| New York Heart Association Class III/IV, % (n) | 93 (521) | 93 (82) | 91 (136) | 0.52 |
| Cardiovascular comorbidities, % (n) | ||||
| Coronary artery disease | 57 (317) | 49 (43) | 37 (55) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 80 (447) | 75 (66) | 67 (101) | 0.004 |
| Diabetes | 28 (155) | 33 (29) | 23 (35) | 0.27 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 44 (245) | 19 (17) | 29 (44) | <0.001 |
| Ventricular tachycardia | 7 (36) | 7 (6) | 5 (8) | 0.86 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 13 (73) | 3 (3) | 7 (11) | 0.008 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 11 (62) | 11 (10) | 7 (11) | 0.39 |
| Noncardiovascular comorbidities, % (n) | ||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 15 (82) | 21 (18) | 10 (15) | 0.08 |
| End-stage renal disease | 5 (28) | 2 (2) | 6 (9) | 0.43 |
| Gastrointestinal bleed | 12 (65) | 1 (1) | 8 (12) | 0.01 |
| Liver disease | 5 (26) | 7 (6) | 4 (6) | 0.60 |
| Cancer | 18 (98) | 8 (7) | 9 (14) | 0.006 |
| Major psychiatric disorder | 10 (56) | 11 (10) | 8 (12) | 0.66 |
Note: Bold indicates P<0.05.
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.