Table 5.
Level of work productivity/activity impairment (during the past week) of adults with and without ADHD in Europe and the US
| Germany (n1=100; n2=100), Mean (SD) |
Northern Europe (n1=130; n2=149), Mean (SD) |
UK (n1=101; n2=100), Mean (SD) |
Europe (n1=331; n2=349), Mean (SD) |
US (n1=100; n2=100), Mean (SD) |
Europe vs US (ADHD)a |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diff | P-value | ||||||
| Absenteeism | |||||||
| ADHD | 19.5 (28.2)* | 13.1 (22.1)* | 24.0 (26.4)* | 19.4 (26.1)* | 8.0 (20.5) | 10.29 | 0.006 |
| Non-ADHD | 6.3 (21.4) | 3.1 (13.2) | 6.3 (21.6) | 4.9 (18.3) | 2.5 (9.8) | – | – |
| Presenteeism | |||||||
| ADHD | 45.0 (29.6)* | 38.7 (26.5)* | 52.1 (27.7)* | 45.8 (28.3)* | 28.0 (27.1)* | 12.72 | 0.003 |
| Non-ADHD | 15.9 (22.3) | 16.1 (23.2) | 19.6 (23.6) | 17.0 (23.0) | 12.8 (24.3) | – | – |
| Overall work impairment | |||||||
| ADHD | 52.8 (32.8)* | 46.4 (28.4)* | 60.8 (30.4)* | 54.0 (31.1)* | 32.2 (30.4)* | 17.42 | <0.001 |
| Non-ADHD | 19.7 (28.2) | 18.4 (25.8) | 24.4 (29.0) | 20.4 (27.4) | 13.9 (25.2) | – | – |
| Activity impairment | |||||||
| ADHD | 56.6 (25.9)* | 50.6 (26.4)* | 55.5 (27.0)* | 53.9 (26.5)* | 41.9 (31.8)* | 4.82 | 0.356 |
| Non-ADHD | 29.4 (30.8) | 24.5 (27.5) | 31.1 (33.0) | 27.8 (30.2) | 17.0 (26.0) | – | – |
Notes:
Significant differences between adults with and without ADHD in each country/region (P<0.05);
the figures above present the differences in the least squares means of the outcomes between respondents with and without ADHD in Europe and the US, controlling for the interaction between ADHD status and region and for sociodemographics and comorbidity variables. A difference of more than zero indicates a higher level of work productivity/activity impairments among adults with ADHD in Europe. n1 and n2 represent the sample size of adults with and without ADHD, respectively, in each country.
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Diff, difference; SD, standard deviation; vs, versus.