Table 1.
Uteroplacental and Fetal Blood Flow Studies: Characterization of Uteroplacental-Fetal Circulation in Maternal and Fetal Mice in Caloric Restriction (CR) Models Using Ultrasound (30/45 MHZ) Biomicroscopy
| Parameter (Unit) | Control (Range, Mean ± SEM) | MiMCR (Range, Mean ± SEM) | MoMCR (Range, Mean ± SEM) | ANOVA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of fetuses | 18 | 16 | 15 | |
| Fetal heart rate, bpm | 108–158 (133 ± 4) | 78–132 (97 ± 5)a | 100–290 (142 ± 20) | P < .0002 |
| Left ventricle EF, % | 68–84 (77.2 ± 1) | 58–80 (66 ± 1.4)a | 53–70 (61.7 ± 1.2)a | P < .0001 |
| Left ventricle FS, % | 53.8–50 (44.6 ± 1) | 27.3–45 (34.7 ± 1.3)b | 25–32 (28.2 ± 0.6)a,c | P < .0001 |
| Left ventricle vol, d, μL | 1.1–2.1 (1.8 ± 0.05) | 1–2.11 (1.75 ± 0.07) | 1.6–2.4 (1.9 ± 0.05) | 0.1 (NS) |
| Left ventricle vol, s, μL | 0.24–0.52 (0.44 ± 0.01) | 0.34–0.62 (0.8 ± 0.04)d | 0.6–0.75 (0.69 ± 0.02)b | P = .03 |
| Pulmonary artery PkV, mm/sec | 87–109 (94 ± 2.7) | 61–142 (106 ± 6.6) | 83–258 (136 ± 2.2) | P = .08 |
| Pulmonary artery AT to ET ratio | 0.29-.56 (0.41 ± 0.03) | 0.26–0.55 (0.37 ± 0.02) | 0.32–0.4 (0.32 ± 0.01)d | P = .04 |
| Umbilical artery PkV, s, mm/sec | 49–75 (59 ± 1.9) | 32–50 (41 ± 1.3)a | 28–52 (36 ± 1.8)a | P < .0001 |
| Umbilical artery AT/ET ratio | 0.45–0.58 (0.51 ± 0.02) | 0.32–0.52 (0.45 ± 0.02) | 0.33–0.43 (0.38 ± 0.02)b | P = .004 |
| Umbilical artery PkV, d, mm/sec | 13–27 (18.9 ± 3.3) | 6–17 (10 ± 1.4)d | 5–12 (8 ± 0.8)b | P = .0029 |
| Umbilical vein PkV, s, mm/sec | 10–18 (13 ± 1.03) | 10–26 (19.3 ± 2.2) | 9.5–29 (17 ± 3.8) | P = .21 (NS) |
| Umbilical vein PkV, d, mm/sec | 9–13 (12.2 ± 0.8) | 9.5–13.5 (11 ± 1.2) | 4.4–7.4 (6 ± 0.9)d | P = .043 |
| Umbilical arterial-venous delay, msec | 110–140 (120 ± 4) | 160–300 (245 ± 16)d | 270–355 (308 ± 20)a | P = .003 |
| Uterine artery PKv, s, mm/sec | 74–132 (93 ± 4) | 57–86 (70.6 ± 2.5)d | 34–82 (57 ± 3.3)a,c | P < .0001 |
| Uterine artery PKv, d, mm/sec | 40–65 (61 ± 3.7) | 30–42 (34 ± 1.5)d | 26–36 (31 ± 0.8)a | P < .0003 |
| Maternal heart rate, bpm | 350–497 (430 ± 26) | 350–465 (417 ± 19) | 352–455 (390 ± 21) | P = .2 (NS) |
| Placenta surface area, mm2 | 2.3–2.72 (2.52 ± 0.07) | 2.01–2.5 (2.3 ± 0.07) | 1.96–2.3 (2.1 ± 0.06)d | P = .004 |
| Placenta maximum diameter, mm | 1.87–2.9 (2.55 ± 0.15) | 2.4–2.8 (2.52 ± 0.1) | 2.3–2.5 (2.42 ± 0.08) | NS |
Abbreviations: EF, ejection fraction; FS, fractional shortening; NA, not available; NS, not significant; PkV, peak velocity; PkV, d, peak velocity during diastole; PkV, s, peak velocity during systole; Vol d, end diastolic volume; Vol s, end systolic volume. Hemodynamic parameters and structural heart measurements of CON, MiMCR, and MoMCR maternal and fetal mice at GD19 are summarized. Statistical analysis is as follows: one-way ANOVA is shown in the last column. Dunn's multiple comparison posttest was performed between pairs of groups to infer intergroup differences.
P ≤ .001.
P ≤ .01.
P < 0.05 represents a significant difference in inter-group comparisons among MiMCR and MoMCR. Nonsignificance was left blank.
P ≤ 0.5.