. 2016 Sep 30;9:528. doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1799-4

Table 2.

Recent data on Schistosoma japonicum vaccine candidates

Antigen	Location in adult worm	Identity/Function	Immunization strategy	Adjuvant	Host	Worm burden reduction (%)	Liver egg burden reduction (%)	Reference
Paramyosin (sj97)	Schistosomulum surface, tegument and acetabular glands	Binds complement and Fc region of IgG; proposed role in host immune evasion	Recombinant proteins	Alum or TiterMax	Pig	33–34	–	[108]
Sj26GST	Parenchymal region of male worm and in the parenchymal cells between the vitelline glands in the female worm	Catalyses detoxification of lipophilic molecules by thioconjugation	DNA vaccine	–	Mouse	30	45	[66, 69, 109]
26-kDaGST + IL-18	–	–	DNA vaccine	–	Mouse	49	51
SjGP-3 (Sj26GST + PmyF3 (fragment of paramyosin))	–	–	Polyvalent subunit	CFA	Mouse	41–38	26–29
rPRV/Sj26-KDaGST+ SjFABP	–	–	Recombinant pseudorabies virus	–	Mouse	39	45
rPRV/Sj26-KDaGST+ SjFABP	–	–	Recombinant pseudorabies virus	–	Sheep	48	51
Triose phosphate isomerise (SjTPI)	–	Glycolytic pathway enzyme						[71–74]
- with codon optimiized version			DNA vaccine	–	Mouse	50	57
- with SjTPI + heat-shock protein 70			DNA vaccine	–	Water buffalo	52	61
- with recombinant replication-defective adenoviral vectors			Replication defective adenoviral vector-based	–	Mouse	54	52
- with prime-boost strategy			Adenoviral vectored prime and recombinant protein boost	Complete Freunds and Incomplete Freunds	Mouse	72	72
Thyroid hormone receptor beta (SjTHRβ)	–	Interacts with thyroid hormone to modulate growth, development and differentiation, and metabolic processes	Recombinant protein	Montanide ISA 206	Mouse	27	29	[110]
S. japonicum fatty acid binding protein (SjFABP)	Whole body, cytosolic	Uptake, transports and compartmentalizes the fatty acids of the host	DNA vaccine	–				[80, 81]
- with IL-18					Mouse	38	45
- with Sj26GST					Mouse	32	25
Twenty-three kilo dalton integral membrane protein (Sj23) with different adjuvants	Surface-exposed	Facilitates parasite immune regulation	Recombinant protein	Freunds	Mouse	59	–	[83]
				ISA206	Mouse	26	–
				ISA70M	Mouse	54	–
Tetravalent DNA vaccine (SjFABP. Sj23/Sj26.SjGAPDH)	–	–	DNA vaccine	–	Mouse	71	61	[84]
Cocktail DNA with EP and protein vaccines (Sj23+ SjCTPI+ CDR3)	–	–	DNA vaccine boosted with recombinant protein	Complete Freunds	Mouse	59	67	[85]
Protein disulfide (SjPDI) isomerase	Tegument as well as other specialized excretory/secretory (ES)organs	Enzyme involved in disulfide bond formation and rearrangement and it interfere with the host immune	Recombinant protein	Montanide ISA 206 VG	Mouse	38	33	[111]
Protein disulfide (SjPDI) isomerase		Responses	Recombinant protein	Montanide ISA 206 VG	Mouse	38	33	[111]
S. japonicum inhibitor apoptosis protein using adenovirus as live vaccine vector (Ad-SjIAP)		Involved in differentiation and development	With recombinant adenoviral vector	–	Mouse	38	32	[112]
Aldose reductase (SjAR)	Gynecophoral canal of adult male worms	Involved in antioxidant defence system	Recombinant protein	Freunds	Mouse	33	28	[113]
S. japonicum Sj-F1 (using S. gordonii as live vector) (Sj-F1)	Gene discovered when adult S. japonicum worm cDNA library was screened with by serum prepared against female S. japonicum antigens	Unknown	With S. gordonii as live vector	–	Mouse	21	35	[114]