Table 4.
Linear and logistic regression estimates of the association between widowhood accounting for duration and health among older adults in India
| Model 3 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Widowhood Status (vs. married as the reference) | Men | Women | |||
| Linear Outcome | b | (95 % CI) | b | (95 % CI) | |
| Self-Rated Health | Widowed 0 to 4 years | 0.1 | (−0.04, 0.23) | 0.14** | (0.06, 0.22) |
| Widowed 5 to 9 years | −0.12 | (−0.26, 0.03) | −0.01 | (−0.09, 0.08) | |
| Widowed 10+ years | 0.01 | (−0.11, 0.12) | 0.09* | (0.02, 0.15) | |
| Psychological Distress | Widowed 0 to 4 years | −0.22 | (−0.67, 0.24) | 0.51** | (0.21, 0.80) |
| Widowed 5 to 9 years | −0.09 | (−0.58, 0.40) | 0.06 | (−0.26, 0.37) | |
| Widowed 10+ years | 0.23 | (−0.16, 0.61) | 0.37** | (0.12, 0.62) | |
| Cognitive Ability | Widowed 0 to 4 years | −0.13 | (−0.34, 0.09) | −0.13* | (−0.26, −0.01) |
| Widowed 5 to 9 years | −0.24* | (−0.47, −0.01) | −0.01 | (−0.14, 0.13) | |
| Widowed 10+ years | −0.18 | (−0.37, 0.001) | −0.15** | (−0.25, −0.04) | |
| Binary Outcome | AOR | (95 % CI) | AOR | (95 % CI) | |
| Poor Health | Widowed 0 to 4 years | 1.32 | (0.94, 1.87) | 1.40** | (1.13, 1.72) |
| Widowed 5 to 9 years | 0.82 | (0.57, 1.17) | 0.77* | (0.62, 0.95) | |
| Widowed 10+ years | 0.99 | (0.75, 1.31) | 1.11 | (0.93, 1.31) | |
| Probable Mental Disorder | Widowed 0 to 4 years | 0.92 | (0.62, 1.36) | 1.43** | (1.14, 1.78) |
| Widowed 5 to 9 years | 1.13 | (0.76, 1.67) | 1.09 | (0.86, 1.38) | |
| Widowed 10+ years | 1.38* | (1.01, 1.88) | 1.25* | (1.04, 1.50) | |
| Hypertension | Widowed 0 to 4 years | 0.93 | (0.62, 1.38) | 1.52*** | (1.22, 1.90) |
| Widowed 5 to 9 years | 0.7 | (0.43, 1.14) | 0.86 | (0.67, 1.11) | |
| Widowed 10+ years | 0.92 | (0.65, 1.29) | 1.39*** | (1.16, 1.67) | |
| Diabetes | Widowed 0 to 4 years | 1.64** | (1.06, 2.54) | 1.15 | (0.85, 1.56) |
| Widowed 5 to 9 years | 1.36 | (0.81, 2.30) | 0.93 | (0.66, 1.32) | |
| Widowed 10+ years | 0.86 | (0.54, 1.36) | 1.23 | (0.95, 1.58) | |
| Arthritis | Widowed 0 to 4 years | 0.73 | (0.50, 1.07) | 1.01 | (0.82, 1.25) |
| Widowed 5 to 9 years | 0.97 | (0.66, 1.44) | 0.95 | (0.76, 1.19) | |
| Widowed 10+ years | 0.96 | (0.71, 1.29) | 1.15 | (0.97, 1.36) | |
| Asthma | Widowed 0 to 4 years | 1.23 | (0.75, 2.02) | 1.32 | (0.91, 1.90) |
| Widowed 5 to 9 years | 0.70 | (0.36, 1.37) | 1.37 | (0.94, 2.00) | |
| Widowed 10+ years | 0.93 | (0.60, 1.45) | 1.07 | (0.79, 1.46) | |
| Diagnosed with at least 1 chronic disease | Widowed 0 to 4 years | 0.8 | (0.56, 1.13) | 1.12 | (0.92, 1.37) |
| Widowed 5 to 9 years | 0.78 | (0.54, 1.15) | 0.95 | (0.77, 1.18) | |
| Widowed 10+ years | 0.93 | (0.70, 1.23) | 1.20* | (1.02, 1.41) | |
* p < .05; ** p < .01; ***p < .001. Notes: Model 3 adjusted for all explanatory variables in Model 2, but used a four-category marital status variable accounting for widowhood duration. Model 3 also accounted for survey design as a three-level (individual, primary sampling unit and district) random intercepts model was used