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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2016 Apr 1;9(1):10.1002/wnan.1403. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1403

Figure 1.

Figure 1

A nanoemulsion (NE) system formulated with the anthrax protective antigen (PA) enhanced mucosal humoral immune responses and improved protection against bacterial spore challenges. Compared with conventional adjuvants, such as MPLA, CpG, and aluminium hydroxide, the NE vaccine administered via the intranasal route elicited higher titers of anti-PA IgA (A) and IgG (B) in bronchial alveolar lavage fluids from immunized mice. Vaccination with the NE vaccine also protected guinea pigs against an intranasal challenge with a 10-fold (C) or 100-fold (D) LD50 dose of bacterial spores. Reproduced with permission from ref. 31.