Table 2.
Biological properties of selected flavonoids found in E. angustifolium.
| Compound | Biological properties | References |
|---|---|---|
| Afzelin (kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside) | Antibacterial, DNA-protective, antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, anti-complement activity, inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) | (Hansen et al., 1996; Min et al., 2003; Shin et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2014) |
| Hyperoside (quercetin-3-O-galactoside) | Suppresses vascular inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and antithrombotic activity, relieves pain and improves cardiovascular functions, neuroprotective, inhibits cytochrome P450 activity | (Zeng et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2012; Ku et al., 2013; Song et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2013) |
| Isoquercetin (quercetin-3-O-glucoside) | Antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, neuroprotective, antioxidative, inhibitor of α-glucosidase | (Li et al., 2009; Nguyen et al., 2009; Kim et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2011; Thapa et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2013) |
| Kaempferol | Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, neuroprotective | (Khlebnikov et al., 2007; Calderon-Montano et al., 2011; Chen,Chen, 2013; Rajendran et al., 2014) |
| Miquelianin (quercetin-3-O-glucuronide) | Immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory; ameliorates insulin resistance in skeletal cells under inflammatory conditions; suppresses plasmin-mediated mechanisms of cancer cell migration | (Al-Shalmani et al., 2011; Cuccioloni et al., 2012; Liao,Lin, 2014; Liu et al., 2016) |
| Myricetin Quercetin | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti- proliferative, anti-aging Anti-proliferative, antioxidative, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory, pleiotropic kinase inhibitor, inhibitor of α-glucosidase | (Cushnie,Lamb, 2005; Leonarduzzi et al., 2010; Ruzic et al., 2010) (Li et al., 2009; Dajas, 2012; Bruning, 2013; Furst,Zundorf, 2014; Russo et al., 2014; Sak, 2014) |
| Quercitrin (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside) | Promotes osteoblast differentiation and inhibits osteoclastogenesis, antioxidative, antileishmanial activity, inhibitor of aldose reductase, p90S6 ribosomal kinase (RSK), AP-1 and MAPK signaling, protects mice against fatal anaphylactic shock | (Khlebnikov et al., 2007; Cruz et al., 2008; Ding et al., 2010; da Silva et al., 2012; Derewenda et al., 2013; Kim et al., 2013; Satue et al., 2013; Yin et al., 2013) |