Table 1.
Descriptive Summary of Variables: Sample from the DAFNE Research Database
| Baseline |
1 Year |
2 Years |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable Name | No. (n = 2469 Unless Indicated) | Mean (SD) or Frequency (%) | No. (n = 1433 Unless Indicated) | Mean (SD) or Frequency (%) | No. (n = 602 Unless Indicated) | Mean (SD) or Frequency (%) |
| Demographic/behavioral | ||||||
| Sex (male) | 2467 | 51.4% | 1431 | 49.9% | 48.0% | |
| Age, y | 39.3 (13.8) | 41.5 (13.6) | 42.5 (14.0) | |||
| Duration, y | 2449 | 16.3 (12.6) | 1422 | 18.2 (13.1) | 596 | 18.8 (13.2) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 2320 | 26.4 (4.9) | 1169 | 26.6 (4.8) | 458 | 26.7 (5.3) |
| Born in United Kingdom | 2465 | 76.2% | 1431 | 73.7% | 602 | 89.0% |
| Race (white) | 2443 | 91.5% | 1415 | 91.5% | 598 | 90.0% |
| Smoking: current | 2441 | 19.4% | 1265 | 18.1% | 478 | 13.8% |
| Former | 24.9% | 24.1% | 23.6% | |||
| Never | 55.7% | 57.8% | 62.6% | |||
| Pregnant | 2393 | 1.3% | 1433 | 1.9% | 602 | 1.5% |
| Health outcomes | ||||||
| EQ-5D index | 2341 | 0.839 (0.231) | 1101 | 0.851 (0.236) | 413 | 0.840 (0.234) |
| EQ-5D = 1 | 1164 (49.72%) | 610 (55.40%) | 210 (50.85%) | |||
| EQ-VAS | 2292 | 69.4 (0.199) | 1081 | 73.8 (0.181) | 409 | 74.0 (0.186) |
| EQ-VAS = 100 | 53 (2.31%) | 31 (2.87%) | 14 (3.42%) | |||
| SF-6D index | 2337 | 0.745 (0.137) | 1081 | 0.765 (0.141) | 403 | 0.773 (0.136) |
| SF-6D = 1 | 59 (2.52%) | 41 (3.79%) | 20 (4.96%) | |||
| Clinical/laboratory tests | ||||||
| HbA1c (%) | 2351 | 8.8 (1.6) | 1277 | 8.4 (1.4) | 532 | 8.5 (1.5) |
| HbA1c IFCC mmol/mol [HbA1c (%) – 2.15] × 10.929 | 72.8 (17.8) | 68.4 (15.8) | 69.3 (16.4) | |||
| SBP, mm Hg | 2278 | 128.5 (17.4) | 1124 | 128.3 (16.5) | 434 | 129.0 (17.6) |
| DBP, mm Hg | 2278 | 75.8 (10.3) | 1123 | 75.3 (9.8) | 434 | 74.4 (10.2) |
| Depression | ||||||
| Taking antidepressant | 2381 | 8.4% | 1235 | 9.4% | 481 | 10.2% |
| HADS score ≥11 | 2295 | 6.8% | 1090 | 5.1% | 413 | 5.1% |
| Complications (self-reported) | Ever experienced to baseline | New between baseline and follow-up | New between year 1 and year 2 | |||
| Hypertension | 345 (14.0%) | 11 (0.8%) | 4 (0.7%) | |||
| Myocardial infarction | 30 (1.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0 | |||
| Coronary revascularization | 23 (0.9%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0 | |||
| Percutaneous intervention | 9 (0.4%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0 | |||
| Stroke | 24 (1.0%) | 3 (0.2%) | 0 | |||
| Painful neuropathy | 118 (4.8%) | 8 (0.6%) | 3 (0.5%) | |||
| Painful neuropathy (only) | 106 (4.29%) | 6 (0.4%) | 3 (0.5%) | |||
| Foot ulcer | 42 (1.7%) | 8 (0.6%) | 4 (0.7%) | |||
| Foot ulcer, no amputation | 30 (1.2%) | 7 (0.5%) | 4 (0.7%) | |||
| Amputation of toe(s) | 14 (0.6%) | 0 | 3 (0.3%) | |||
| Amputation above toes | 8 (0.3%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0 | |||
| Retinopathy | 685 (27.7%) | 28 (1.9%) | 12 (1.9%) | |||
| Retinopathy (only) | 554 (22.4%) | 28 (1.9%) | 11 (1.8%) | |||
| Proliferative | 120 (4.86%) | 3 (0.2%) | 3 (0.5%) | |||
| Proliferative retinopathy (only) | 113 (4.57%) | 3 (0.2%) | 3 (0.5%) | |||
| Partial blindness | 20 (0.8%) | 0 | 0 | |||
| Blindness | 3 (0.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0 | |||
| Microalbuminuria | 103 (4.2%) | 5 (0.4%) | 2 (0.3%) | |||
| Microalbuminuria (only) | 82 (3.3%) | 5 (0.4%) | 2 (0.3%) | |||
| Proteinuria | 50 (2.0%) | 6 (0.4%) | 2 (0.3%) | |||
| Proteinuria (only) | 48 (1.9%) | 6 (0.4%) | 2 (0.3%) | |||
| Dialysis (only) | 3 (0.1%) | 0 | 0 | |||
| Renal transplantation | 13 (0.5%) | 0 | 0 | |||
| Erectile dysfunction | 132 (5.3%) | 2(0.1%) | 1(0.2%) | |||
| Diabetic events | ||||||
| DKAs last year | 2383 | 1291 | 517 | |||
| 0 | 91.4% | 97.4% | 97.7% | |||
| 1 | 6.5% | 2.3% | 1.9% | |||
| 2 | 1.2% | 0.2% | - | |||
| 3+ | 0.9% | 0.2% | 0.4% | |||
| Severe hypos last year | 2453 | 1273 | 503 | |||
| 0 | 78.4% | 89.9% | 90.5% | |||
| 1 | 9.4% | 5.0% | 5.4% | |||
| 2 | 4.4% | 2.0% | 1.8% | |||
| 3 | 2.2% | 1.0% | 1.0% | |||
| 4 | 1.4% | 0.7% | 0.8% | |||
| 5+ | 4.2% | 1.4% | 0.6% | |||
The outcomes in this table do not allow for an assessment of the effectiveness of the Dose Adjustment For Normal Eating (DAFNE) intervention since no allowance is made for dropout. This can be found in Hopkins and others.26 If individuals did not report a complication, it is assumed that they do not have one (this arose for about a third of cases that had EQ-5D data). Where uncertainties existed or inconsistencies arose in the data, missing fields were left blank. BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score; IFCC, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry; SBP, systolic blood pressure.