Table 2.
Impact of Diabetes Complications on Utilities from Dose Adjustment For Normal Eating Data on People with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Ordinary Least Squares Fixed-Effects Models and Generalized Least Squares Random-Effects Models
| Fixed-Effects Models, Coefficient (SE) |
Random-Effects Models, Coefficient (SE) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) EQ-5D | (2) EQ-VAS | (3) SF-6D | (4) EQ-5D | (5) EQ-VAS | (6) SF-6D | |
| Age (/10) | −0.0214*** (0.003) | 0.0092*** (0.003) | −0.0004 (0.002) | |||
| Female | −0.0236** (0.008) | −0.0270*** (0.007) | −0.0357*** (0.005) | |||
| Smoker | −0.0027 (0.024) | −0.0432* (0.025) | −0.0138 (0.013) | −0.0373** (0.012) | −0.0466*** (0.010) | −0.0311*** (0.006) |
| BMI | −0.0052** (0.002) | −0.0040 (0.002) | −0.0008 (0.002) | −0.0028** (0.001) | −0.0039*** (0.001) | −0.0013* (0.001) |
| Born in the United Kingdom | −0.0257** (0.008) | 0.0004 (0.008) | 0.0027 (0.006) | |||
| MI | −0.0242 (0.053) | −0.0876* (0.038) | −0.0256 (0.029) | |||
| Stroke | −0.0327 (0.048) | −0.0473 (0.042) | −0.0152 (0.025) | |||
| Microalbuminuria | −0.0105 (0.028) | −0.0268 (0.021) | 0.0118 (0.015) | |||
| Proteinuria | −0.0277 (0.032) | −0.0334 (0.029) | −0.0143 (0.014) | |||
| Transplant or dialysis | −0.0097 (0.050) | −0.0221 (0.030) | 0.0029 (0.029) | |||
| Retinopathy | −0.0544** (0.023) | 0.0075 (0.033) | −0.0111 (0.020) | −0.0265* (0.011) | −0.0218* (0.009) | −0.0116 (0.006) |
| Proliferative retinopathy | −0.0288 (0.026) | −0.0113 (0.020) | −0.0242 (0.012) | |||
| Blind or partially sighted | −0.0592 (0.062) | −0.0527 (0.029) | 0.0220 (0.024) | |||
| Painful neuropathy | −0.0497 (0.043) | −0.0997 (0.073) | −0.0578*** (0.020) | −0.2361*** (0.032) | −0.0835*** (0.022) | −0.0900*** (0.012) |
| Foot ulcer | −0.1042 (0.119) | 0.0316 (0.093) | −0.0536** (0.023) | −0.1245* (0.052) | −0.0995** (0.032) | −0.0503** (0.019) |
| Amputation (any) | −0.1172* (0.055) | −0.0321 (0.047) | −0.0592* (0.027) | |||
| Erectile dysfunction | −0.0310 (0.025) | −0.0122 (0.018) | −0.0179 (0.013) | |||
| Coronary revascularization | −0.0787 (0.071) | −0.0021 (0.044) | −0.0090 (0.035) | |||
| Percutaneous revascularization | 0.0250 (0.039) | 0.0195 (0.035) | −0.0186 (0.036) | |||
| Hypertension | −0.0265 (0.044) | −0.0404 (0.053) | −0.0163 (0.024) | −0.0144 (0.015) | −0.0128 (0.011) | −0.0131 (0.008) |
| Severe hypoglycemic episodes in past year | −0.0020 (0.002) | −0.0023 (0.002) | −0.0030 (0.002) | −0.0022* (0.001) | −0.0010 (0.001) | −0.0017** (0.001) |
| DKA episodes in past year | 0.0119 (0.011) | −0.0367** (0.015) | −0.0021 (0.007) | −0.0091 (0.010) | −0.0265** (0.010) | −0.0130*** (0.004) |
| HbA1c | −0.0152*** (0.006) | −0.0099* (0.006) | −0.0037 (0.004) | −0.0161*** (0.003) | −0.0164*** (0.002) | −0.0076*** (0.002) |
| Depression (HADS depression score ≥11) | −0.0960*** (0.035) | −0.0831*** (0.026) | −0.0771*** (0.016) | −0.2520*** (0.026) | −0.1919*** (0.015) | −0.1589*** (0.008) |
| Wave 2 | −0.0021 (0.007) | 0.0160** (0.007) | 0.0159*** (0.005) | 0.0038 (0.006) | 0.0218*** (0.006) | 0.0149*** (0.004) |
| Wave 3 | −0.0019 (0.012) | 0.0105 (0.011) | 0.0166** (0.008) | 0.0052 (0.011) | 0.0183* (0.009) | 0.0158* (0.007) |
| Constant | 1.1439*** (0.073) | 0.9276*** (0.084) | 0.8173*** (0.055) | 1.2261*** (0.034) | 0.9664*** (0.031) | 0.8960*** (0.022) |
| Observations | 2927 | 2895 | 2905 | 2917 | 2885 | 2895 |
| Number of id | 2044 | 2023 | 2029 | 2036 | 2015 | 2021 |
| Rho | 0.746 | 0.696 | 0.679 | 0.615 | 0.555 | 0.518 |
| R 2 overall | 0.272 | 0.222 | 0.227 | |||
| R 2 within | 0.042 | 0.052 | 0.057 | |||
Robust standard errors in parentheses. Rho is the proportion of the total variance that is due to the individual effect. BMI, body mass index; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score; MI, myocardial infarction. *P < 0.1. **P < 0.05. ***P < 0.01.