Table 3. Associations between high use of PDEIs (⩾100 tablets) and risk of melanoma, by clinical stage.
| Subgroup | Cases exposed/unexposed | Controls exposed/unexposed | Adjusted ORa | Adjusted ORb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Danish Nationwide Health Registries (DNHR) | ||||
| In situ | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Localised | 83/4865 | 641/48 938 | 1.30 (1.02–1.64) | 1.21 (0.95–1.54) |
| Non-localised | 6/641 | 78/6414 | 0.75 (0.32–1.74) | 0.75 (0.32–1.75) |
| Unknown | 24/1091 | 160/10 943 | 1.48 (0.96–2.30) | 1.44 (0.92–2.24) |
|
Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) database | ||||
| In situ | 125/2059 | 1066/20 516 | 1.21 (0.99–1.47) | 1.15 (0.95–1.41) |
| Localised | 120/2079 | 1166/20 697 | 1.03 (0.85–1.25) | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) |
| Non-localised | 9/267 | 150/2610 | 0.58 (0.29–1.16) | 0.61 (0.30–1.23) |
| Unknown | 4/58 | 35/535 | 1.04 (0.35–3.10) | 0.98 (0.31–3.09) |
Abbreviations: NA=not applicable; OR=odds ratio; PDEIs=phosphodiesterase 5A inhibitors.
Adjusted for age and calendar time (by design; risk-set matching).
Fully adjusted model, that is, additionally adjusted for (a) use of oral steroids, weak/moderate topical steroids, strong/very strong topical steroids, thiazides, beta-blockers, angiotensin-II receptor blockers, low-dose aspirin (only in the DNHR), non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antidepressants, and statins; (b) diagnoses of non-melanoma skin cancer, type 1 or type 2 diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, alcohol-related disease, and moderate to severe renal disease; and (c) highest education achieved (in the DNHR) and socioeconomic level based on the US Census block of residence (in the KPNC database).