Table 3.
Outcome data for LEFS, ROM, and pain by group
| Variable | Baseline mean (± SD) | Post treatment mean (± SD) | FU 1 mean (± SD) | FU 2 mean (± SD) | FU 3 mean (± SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DN group AKE | 47.72 (9.70) | 48.68 (13.34) | 50.34 (11.48) | 49.31 (9.38) | 55.51 (12.66) |
| Sham group AKE | 49.59 (17.10) | 52.98 (9.64) | 52.64 (9.25) | 54.73 (7.41) | 55.20 (7.68) |
| Within-group change score from baseline | |||||
| DN | -- | 0.96 (−6.51, 8.43)‡ | 2.62 (−4.18, 9.42)‡ | 1.59 (−4.52, 7.70)‡ | 7.79 (0.57, 15.01)‡ |
| Sham | -- | 3.39 (−5.74, 12.52)‡ | 3.05 (−6.00, 12.10)‡ | 5.14 (−3.53, 13.81)‡ | 5.61 (−3.11, 14.33)‡ |
| Between-group difference in change score | -- | −2.43 (−10.02, 5.16)‡ | −0.43 (−7.22, 6.36)‡ | −3.55 (−9.05, 1.95)‡ | 2.18 (−4.66, 9.02)‡ |
| DN group ASLR | 52.26 (10.84) | 55.28 (12.43) | 55.60 (7.50) | 57.00 (8.08) | 59.47 (9.41) |
| Sham group ASLR | 55.33 (13.35) | 56.82 (8.38) | 57.71 (7.87) | 59.00 (6.82) | 59.43 (6.88) |
| Within-group change score from baseline | |||||
| DN | -- | 3.02 (−4.45, 10.49)‡ | 3.34 (−2.63, 9.31)‡ | 4.74 (−1.38, 10.86)‡ | 7.21 (0.71, 13.71)‡ |
| Sham | -- | 1.49 (−5.84, 8.82)‡ | 2.38 (−4.83, 9.59)‡ | 3.67 (−3.31, 10.65)‡ | 4.10 (−2.89, 11.09)‡ |
| Between-group difference in change score | -- | 1.53 (−3.43, 6.49)‡ | 0.96 (−4.03, 5.95)‡ | 1.07 (−3.79, 5.93)‡ | 3.11 (−2.26, 8.48)‡ |
| DN group deep squat ROM | 110.35 (24.73) | 114.73 (24.44) | 120.85 (23.86) | 121.78 (23.87) | 123.30 (23.54) |
| Sham group deep squat ROM | 108.50 (24.18) | 115.21 (23.74) | 114.90 (21.85) | 122.03 (17.08) | 119.92 (20.64) |
| Within-group change score from baseline | |||||
| DN | -- | 4.38 (−11.35, 20.11)‡ | 10.50(−5.06, 26.06)‡ | 11.43 (−4.13, 26.99)‡ | 12.95 (−2.51, 28.41)‡ |
| Sham | -- | 6.71 (−9.06, 22.48)‡ | 6.40 (−8.76, 21.56)‡ | 13.53 (−0.24, 27.30)‡ | 11.42 (−3.37, 26.21)‡ |
| Between-group difference in change score | -- | −2.33 (−17.97, 13.31)‡ | 4.10 (−10.77, 18.97)‡ | −2.10 (−15.63,11.43)‡ | 1.53 (−12.87, 15.93)‡ |
| DN group deep squat pain (VAS) | 22.40 (22.79) | 15.48 (20.71) | 10.50 (15.25) | 8.60 (14.82) | 8.95 (16.19) |
| Sham group deep squat pain (VAS) | 24.11 (24.75) | 19.42 (23.14) | 18.21 (20.70) | 13.63 (18.89) | 14.95 (20.96) |
| Within-group change score from baseline | |||||
| DN | -- | −6.92 (−20.86, 7.02)‡ | −11.90 (−24.31, 0.51)‡ | −13.80 (−26.11, −1.49)‡ | −13.45 (−26.10, −0.80)‡ |
| Sham | -- | −4.69 (−20.45, 11.07)‡ | −5.90 (−20.76, 8.96)‡ | −10.48 (−24.97, 4.01)‡ | −9.16 (−24.25, 5.93)‡ |
| Between-group difference in change score | -- | −2.23 (−16.46, 12.00)‡ | −6.00 (−17.75, 5.75)‡ | −3.32 (−14.30, 7.66)‡ | −4.29 (−16.40, 7.82)‡ |
| DN group step down pain (VAS) | 10.50 (14.27) | 6.95 (10.17) | 8.05 (10.10) | 6.00 (10.40) | 6.15 (10.62) |
| Sham group step down pain (VAS) | 22.84 (22.34) | 18.32 (20.79) | 15.00 (18.19) | 10.53 (17.13) | 12.95 (18.76) |
| Within-group change score from baseline | |||||
| DN | -- | −3.55 (−11.48, 4.38)‡ | −2.45 (−10.36, 5.46)‡ | −4.50 (−12.49, 3.49) ‡ | −4.35 (−12.40, 3.70) ‡ |
| Sham | - | −4.52 (−18.72, 9.68)‡ | −7.84 (−21.24, 5.56)‡ | −12.31 (−25.41, 0.79)‡ | −9.89 (−23.46, 3.68)‡ |
| Between-group difference in change score | -- | 0.97 (−9.56, 11.50)‡ | 5.39 (−4.09, 14.87)‡ | 7.81 (−1.33, 16.95)‡ | 5.54 (−4.29, 15.37)‡ |
| DN group step down pain (VAS)† | 16.51 (14.27) | 6.95 (10.17) | 8.05 (10.10) | 6.00 (10.40) | 6.15 (10.62) |
| Sham group step down pain (VAS)† | 16.51 (22.34) | 18.32 (20.79) | 15.00 (18.19) | 10.53 (17.13) | 12.95 (18.76) |
| Within-group change score from baseline | |||||
| DN† | -- | −9.56 (−17.49, −1.63)‡ | −8.46 (−16.37, −0.55)‡ | −10.51 (−18.50, −2.52)‡ | −10.36 (−18.41, −2.31)‡ |
| Sham† | -- | 1.81 (−12.39, 16.01)‡ | −1.51 (−14.91, 11.89)‡ | −5.98 (−19.08, 7.12)‡ | −3.56 (−17.13, 10.01)‡ |
| Between-group† difference in change score | -- | −11.37 (−21.90,−0.84)‡ | −6.95 (−16.43, 2.53)‡ | −4.53 (−13.67, 4.61)‡ | −6.80 (−16.63, 3.03)‡ |
| DN group LEFS | 65.35 (10.47) | -- | 67.75 (8.32) | 70.95 (6.14) | 72.30 (5.97) |
| Sham group LEFS | 64.47 (10.78) | -- | 67.11 (9.65) | 66.53 (10.65) | 69.26 (11.37) |
| Within-group change score from baseline | |||||
| DN | -- | -- | 2.40 (−3.65, 8.45)‡ | 5.60 (0.11, 11.09)‡ | 6.95 (1.49, 12.41)‡ |
| Sham | -- | -- | 2.64 (−4.09, 9.37)‡ | 2.06 (−4.99, 9.11)‡ | 4.79 (−2.50, 12.08)‡ |
| Between-group difference in change score | -- | -- | −0.24 (−6.08, 5.60)‡ | 3.54 (−2.06, 9.14)‡ | 2.16 (−3.69, 8.01)‡ |
DN = dry needling
AKE = active knee extension (degrees)
VAS = visual analog scale
SD = standard deviation
ASLR = active straight leg raise (degrees)
LEFS = lower extremity functional scale
ROM = range of motion (degrees)
FU = follow up; 1, 3, and 7 days after initial intervention
‡
mean (95% confidence interval)
†
calculations based on ANCOVA adjusted mean