Fig. 1.

Spatial coverage of the Neogene paleobotanical and mammalian fossil records in focal regions (black outlines) in (A) Western, Central, and Eastern North America and (B) Western, Eastern Europe, and the Caucasus. Based on 145 paleobotanical locations (green diamonds), we estimate the NPP across each continent and within each of the three best-covered regions (Western North America and Western and Eastern Europe). The coverage of 1,567 fossil locations for large terrestrial mammals is shown as the number of localities (unique combinations of spatial location and stratigraphic stage, gray shading) in 1° latitudinal–longitudinal grid cells.