Table 2.
Association Between Biomarker Levels by Quartile and Time to Clinical Recoverya
| Biomarker Quartile | Time to First Feed (Hour) | Time to Fever Resolution (Hour) | Time to Localize Pain (Hour) | Time to BCS = 5 (Hour) | Time to First Sit (Hour) | Duration Hospitalization (Hour) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angiopoietin-2 | P = .032 | P = .247 | P = .804 | P = .036 | P = .002 | P = .429 |
| Q1 | 14.5 (10.0–23.3) | 6.2 (0–22.9) | 6.5 (0–14.9) | 11.7 (5.8–19.8) | 24.0 (13.0–46.2) | 64.0 (60.2–82.8) |
| Q2 | 15.2 (8.0–29.0) | 8.0 (0–35.6) | 4.1 (0–11.8) | 14.4 (7.0–25.4) | 27.6 (15.4–65.6) | 63.0 (57.9–81.4) |
| Q3 | 19.0 (10.0–39.6) | 9.4 (2.0–26.0) | 6.0 (0–16.4) | 17.2 (8.2–38.7) | 44.2 (24.4–70.2) | 71.8 (60.3–88.6) |
| Q4 | 22.5 (10.1–37.1) | 8.0 (0–33.3) | 6.5 (0–12.0) | 15.5 (8.5–32.0) | 39.1 (26.8–65.6) | 78.5 (59.0–103.0) |
| CXCL10 | P = .474 | P = .006 | P = .617 | P = .713 | P = .172 | P = .332 |
| Q1 | 16.0 (9.1–39.1) | 5.2 (0–14.3) | 6.0 (0–15.1) | 14.5 (8.3–33.8) | 30.6 (15.0–62.0) | 78.2 (61.8–97.8) |
| Q2 | 14.0 (8.5–35.0) | 10.6 (0–30.1) | 5.8 (0–17.0) | 14.0 (7.0–29.0) | 33.0 (19.0–58.8) | 64.0 (59.7–83.9) |
| Q3 | 15.5 (9.9–21.1) | 8.0 (0–20.7) | 5.8 (0–10.3) | 12.0 (6.0–18.0) | 29.0 (18.0–62.8) | 61.7 (56.5–79.0) |
| Q4 | 23.3 (11.8–43.4) | 16.0 (5.8–41.5) | 7.6 (0–14.8) | 20.5 (10.8–39.5) | 42.9 (25.4–72.0) | 78.3 (61.1–102.7) |
| sFlt-1 | P = .332 | P = .325 | P = .162 | P = .760 | P = .159 | P = .949 |
| Q1 | 16.1 (9.1–39.5) | 7.0 (0–25.4) | 6.3 (1.0–23.0) | 15.5 (5.7–38.9) | 24.7 (12.5–55.6) | 63.0 (59.7–85.3) |
| Q2 | 17.8 (10.7–43.6) | 7.2 (0–28.2) | 6.0 (0–12.1) | 14.5 (8.1–43.6) | 38.7 (20.0–68.2) | 68.8 (57.8–86.5) |
| Q3 | 16.3 (10.3–28.5) | 10.0 (0–30.6) | 4.1 (0–12.3) | 14.0 (7.6–25.0) | 34.3 (20.5–62.8) | 75.4 (59.5–83.5) |
| Q4 | 12.8 (8.1–26.8) | 9.0 (0–31.9) | 6.0 (0–15.0) | 13.5 (8.0–25.4) | 45.0 (18.7–63.8) | 68.4 (59.0–86.0) |
| sICAM-1 | P = .112 | P = .008 | P = .088 | P = .157 | P = .009 | P = .029 |
| Q1 | 16.0 (10.1–36.2) | 6.1 (0–25.7) | 0 (0–11.9) | 14.5 (7.0–32.1) | 26.0 (15.0–62.0) | 63.5 (59.0–86.0) |
| Q2 | 14.3 (8.5–23.8) | 7.1 (0–15.8) | 6.5 (0–11.3) | 11.5 (6.5–21.6) | 29.4 (16.7–48.1) | 62.0 (59.0–79.5) |
| Q3 | 14.8 (9.6–27.7) | 7.2 (0–24.6) | 6.0 (0–14.2) | 13.5 (8.1–21.8) | 32.5 (17.8–59.9) | 77.2 (60.5–84.0) |
| Q4 | 25.0 (10.2–45.3) | 19.8 (3.1–47.9) | 7.9 (0–18.1) | 22.5 (8.5–45.3) | 47.7 (27.9–80.4) | 78.8 (61.3–126.7) |
| sTREM-1 | P = .009 | P = .949 | P = .413 | P = .018 | P = .001 | P = .225 |
| Q1 | 12.7 (6.8–21.0) | 9.4 (0–26.3) | 5.7 (0–13.8) | 12.3 (6.0–19.0) | 25.1 (8.9–49.8) | 62.0 (59.0–83.0) |
| Q2 | 16.0 (8.0–30.3) | 6.6 (0–28.6) | 6.0 (0–18.4) | 12.2 (6.0–28.0) | 24.5 (12.5–39.7) | 63.5 (58.0–93.0) |
| Q3 | 17.8 (12.3–38.2) | 8.3 (0–25.5) | 5.3 (0–14.8) | 16.0 (8.5–31.0) | 46.2 (25.5–68.1) | 78.5 (60.4–86.3) |
| Q4 | 17.8 (11.4–43.0) | 6.8 (0–34.1) | 7.6 (0–13.3) | 14.5 (10.2–40.3) | 41.2 (22.6–69.6) | 76.0 (61.1–90.1) |
Abbreviations: Ang-2, angiopoietin-2; BCS, Blantyre coma score; CXCL10/IP-10, 10 kDa interferon γ-induced protein; IQR, interquartile range; sFlt-1, soluble FMS-like tyrosine kinase-1; sICAM-1, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1; sTREM-1, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1.
a Data are presented as median (IQR). Data were analyzed non-parametrically using the Jonkcheere-Terpstra test for ordered alternatives. Ang-2: Q1, ≤1.41 ng/mL; Q2, 1.42 to ≤3.00 ng/mL; Q3, 3.01 to ≤5.73 ng/mL; Q4, >5.74 ng/mL. CXCL10: Q1, ≤0.15 ng/mL; Q2, 0.16 to ≤0.52 ng/mL; Q3, 0.53 to ≤1.17 ng/mL; Q4, 1.18 ng/mL. sFlt-1: Q1, ≤0.79 ng/mL; Q2, 0.80 to ≤2.01 ng/mL; Q3, 2.02 to ≤4.07 ng/mL; Q4, >4.08 ng/mL. sICAM-1: Q1, ≤596.76 ng/mL; Q2, 596.77 to ≤737.82 ng/mL; Q3, 737.83 to ≤927.21 ng/mL; Q4, >927.22 ng/mL. sTREM-1: Q1, ≤0.13 ng/mL; Q2, 0.14 to ≤0.27 ng/mL; Q3, 0.28 to ≤0.52 ng/mL; Q4, >0.53 ng/mL.