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. 2016 Sep 29;11:2409–2417. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S105156

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Concentration-dependent induction of cytokine release from poly(I:C)- and R848-stimulated lung tissue.

Notes: The release of TNFα (A and D), CCL5 (B and E), and IL-6 (C and F) from poly(I:C)- (A–C) and R848-stimulated (D–F) whole tissue explants from smokers (n=13) and COPD patients (n=13, poly(I:C); n=12, R848) after 24 hours. Data are presented as mean with SEM (TNFα and IL-6) or as median with range (CCL5). #, ##, ###Refer to significantly above time-matched unstimulated control (P<0.05, 0.01, 0.001, respectively). *, **Refer to significant difference between subject groups (P<0.05, 0.01, respectively). Results were obtained using one way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-test (TNFα and IL-6) and Friedman test with Dunn’s post-test (CCL5) #P<0.05 and an unpaired t-test (TNFα and IL-6) and Mann-Whitney U test (CCL5) *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IL-6, interleukin 6; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SEM, standard error of the mean.