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. 2016 Sep 29;11:2409–2417. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S105156

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Effect of simultaneous activation of TLR3 and TLR7/8 on pro-inflammatory cytokine release from lung tissue.

Notes: The effect of simultaneous TLR3 and TLR7/8 activation (poly(I:C) =100 μg/mL, R848=10 μg/mL, respectively) on the release of TNFα (A), CCL5 (B), and IL-6 (C) from whole tissue explants from smokers (n=10) and COPD patients (n=12) after 24 hours. Data are presented as mean with SEM (TNFα and IL-6) or as median with range (CCL5). Sum represents the predicted additive result of poly(I:C) + R848 cytokine release. *, **, ***Refer to significant difference between conditions (P<0.025, 0.005, 0.0005, respectively). #, ##Refer to significantly above predicted sum (P<0.05, 0.01, respectively). Results are in response to paired t-tests (TNFα and IL-6) and Wilcoxon tests (CCL5).

Abbreviations: TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; IL-6, interleukin 6; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SEM, standard error of the mean; Comb, combination.