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. 2016 May 17;124(10):1537–1546. doi: 10.1289/EHP134

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Acute in vivo nanoparticulate matter (nPM) exposure induced oxidative stress and inflammation in olfactory epithelium (OE): immunohistochemistry. (A) Representative immunostaining of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in OE. (B) 5 hr exposure increased 4-HNE and 3-NT staining by 25% in OE versus controls (CTL) (n = 8 noses/group). Scale bar = 100 μm. (C) 4-HNE and 3-NT staining were positively correlated (r ² = 0.27). (D) Iba1-positive macrophages. (E) Macrophage numbers increased in the OE turbinates but not in the OE septum [left: control (CTL), right: nPM]. Scale bar = 50 μm. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; t-test.