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. 2016 May 17;124(10):1537–1546. doi: 10.1289/EHP134

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In vitro time-course exposure to nanoparticulate matter (nPM) induced oxidative stress and inflammation in primary cultures of rat olfactory epithelium (OE) and cerebral cortex mixed glia. CTL, control. (A) Conditioned media (CM) from dissociated OE cultures with 12 μg/mL nPM showed time-dependent increase of nitrite. (B) Cerebral cortex mixed glial (MxG) cultures with 12 μg/mL nPM transiently increased induction of induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA by 160%. Correspondingly, nPM doubled the CM nitrite by 12 hr. (C) Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) mRNA was increased by 125% after 12 hr, remaining elevated at 24 hr (n = 6/group/time). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; t-test.