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. 2016 Oct 4;10:494. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00494

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Copyright © 2016 Bu, Yu, Su, Ma, von Deneen, Luo, Zhai, Liu, Cheng, Guan, Li, Bi, Xue, Lu and Yuan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Compared with healthy non-smokers (P < 0.05, Family-wise error (FWE) corrected), young smokers showed significantly decreased gray matter (GM) volume in the left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; A) and increased GM volume in the left putamen (B). The GM volume of the left ACC has a negative correlation trend with pack-years, but not a significant correlation. The GM volume of the left putamen was positively correlated with pack-years (C). Pack-years = smoking years × daily consumption/20.