Table 1. Baseline characteristics of patients.
| All patients | VLCK diet group | LC diet group | P-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=89 | N=45 | N=44 | ||
| Men/women (N) | 31/58 | 15/30 | 16/28 | 0.7642 |
| Age (years) | 54.53 (8.37) | 54.89 (8.81) | 54.17 (7.97) | 0.6876 |
| Weight (kg) | 90.51 (11.37) | 91.47 (11.43) | 89.54 (11.37) | 0.4255 |
| Height (cm) | 165.15 (8.98) | 165.52 (8.62) | 164.76 (9.43) | 0.6928 |
| BMI (kg m−2) | 33.07 (1.56) | 33.25±1.52 | 32.88 (1.60) | 0.2611 |
| Waist circumference (cm)b | 107.04 (8.54) | 108.13 (8.55) | 105.94 (8.49) | 0.2317 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg dl−1) | 139.77 (39.43) | 136.87 (34.43) | 142.81 (44.26) | 0.4825 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.89 (1.06) | 6.89 (1.11) | 6.88 (1.03) | 0.9743 |
| HbA1c⩾7%c | 36 (40.9%) | 21 (46.7%) | 15 (34.9%) | 0.2611 |
| HOMA indexb | 6.36 (3.78) | 6.87 (4.39) | 5.78 (2.90) | 0.1933 |
| Insulin resistance (HOMA index >3.2)c,b | 71 (85.5%) | 39 (88.6%) | 32 (82.1%) | 0.3945 |
| Creatinine (mg dl−1) | 0.91 (0.23) | 0.90 (0.17) | 0.92 (0.28) | 0.7412 |
| Urea (mg dl−1) | 36.68 (10.42) | 35.93 (8.62) | 37.48 (12.12) | 0.4933 |
| MCRD-eGFR (ml min−1 per 1.73 m2) | 75.24 (15.97) | 75.58 (17.41) | 74.89 (14.50) | 0.8411 |
| UACR (μg mg−1) | 18.51 (37.67) | 12.71 (25.57) | 24.88 (47.09) | 0.1355 |
| Microalbuminuria (UACR ⩾30–300 μg mg−1)c | 12 (14.0%) | 4 (8.9%) | 8 (19.5%) | 0.1556 |
| Uric acid (mg dl−1) | 5.23 (1.32) | 5.26 (1.29) | 5.20 (1.36) | 0.8336 |
| Uric acid>7.0 mg dl−1 | 7 (8.0%) | 3 (6.7%) | 4 (9.5%) | 0.8353 |
| ALAT (U ml−1) | 33.85 (28.90) | 32.27 (22.75) | 35.47 (34.28) | 0.6094 |
| ASAT (U ml−1) | 25.95 (12.06) | 28.00 (14.07) | 23.86 (9.30) | 0.1100 |
| Therapy for T2DMc | 0.1260 | |||
| Oral antidiabeticc | 71 (79.8%) | 33 (73.3%) | 38 (86.4%) | |
| Lifestyle modificationc | 18 (20.2%) | 12 (26.7%) | 6 (13.6%) |
Abbreviations:
ALAT, alanine aminotransferase; ASAT, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; HOMA, Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; LC diet, low-calorie diet; MCRD-eGFR, estimated glomerular filtrate rate by Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; UACR, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio; VLCK diet, very low-calorie-ketogenic diet.
a
ANOVA or χ2-tests according to the type of data.
b
Not measured in all patients: 88 waist circumference, 83 HOMA index and insulin resistance.
c
Number and percentage. All other values are mean (s.d.).