(A) SDS-PAGE analysis and (B) UV–visible absorption spectra of purified WT and various NuoL mutant proteins. Samples (10 µg) were loaded onto a 10% Tris–Tricine SDS-PAGE gel. lane 1, WT; lane 2, E144Q; lane 3, D178N; lane 4, D303A; lane 5, D303N; lane 6, H334Q; lane 7, D400A; lane 8, D400E; lane 9, D400N. The UV–visible spectra were taken in 50 mM Bis-Tris (pH 6.0) containing 10% glycerol. All the data were normalized at 1 mg/ml.