Figure 4.

Liver-on-a-chip devices. (a) Soft-lithographic process utilizing photoresist-coated silicon wafers and molding of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on the wafers to create microfluidic devices with channels for cell seeding and inlet/outlet ports for culture medium perfusion. (b) Top-view of an assembled bioreactor with inlet and outlet fluidic ports [54]. (c) Photo of a bioreactor hooked up to a switchboard that can be configured for real-time measurement of metabolites [55]. (d) Measurement of glucose uptake and lactate production in the device of panel (c) following dosing with rotenone. Permission was obtained from IOP Publishing to reproduce panel (b).