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. 2016 Sep 20;6(9):e895. doi: 10.1038/tp.2016.180

Table 3. Analysis of baseline total WBC count, % neutrophil (PN), % lymphocytes (PL) and longitudinal change in CES-D component scores among women, mixed-effects linear regression analysis, HANDLS study, 2004–2013.

  X = Total WBC count
X = PN
X = PL
  γ±SEE P-value γ±SEE P-value γ±SEE P-value
  N=1134 N '=2011 N =1134 N '=2011 N =1134 N '=2011
Y = CES-D component 1: somatic complaints
 Fixed effect
  Intercept (γ00 for π0i) +8.63±0.82 <0.001 +8.42±0.81 <0.001 +8.37±0.81 <0.001
  Time (γ10 for π1i) +0.08±0.20 0.68 +0.10±0.20 0.63 +0.11±0.01 0.18
  Agebase −0.018±0.014 0.21 −0.02±0.01 0.20 −0.019±0.014 0.18
  Agebase × time +0.003±0.004 0.36 +0.003±0.004 0.40 +0.003±0.004 0.36
  WBC exposure (γ01ea for π0i)
    <10th vs 10th–90th −0.18±0.42 0.66 +1.61±0.48 0.001a +0.88±0.47 0.06
   >90th vs 10th–90th −0.26±0.45 0.56 +0.57±0.44 0.19 +1.16±0.45 0.011a
             
  WBC exposure × time (γ11ea for π1i)
   <10th vs 10th–90th +0.03±0.10 0.73 0.19±0.12 0.097 −0.17±0.12 0.15
    >90th vs 10th–90th +0.25±0.11 0.029 −0.07±0.12 0.53 −0.16±0.11 0.16
 
 Random effects
  Level 1 residuals (Rij) +3.19±0.07 <0.001 +3.19±0.08 <0.001 +3.19±0.08 <0.001
  Level 2 residuals            
   Intercept (ξ0i) +2.85±0.11 <0.001 +2.83±0.11 <0.001 +2.83±0.11 <0.001
   Linear slope (ξ1i) +0.00±0.01 NS +0.00±0.00 NS 0.00±0.00 NS
             
Y = CES-D component 2: depressed affect
Fixed effect
  Intercept (γ00 for π0i) +6.67±0.93 <0.001 +6.52±0.93 <0.001 +6.57±0.93 <0.001
  Time (γ10 for π1i) −0.08±0.22 0.71 −0.11±0.22 0.63 −0.100±0.225 0.66
  Agebase 0.028±0.016 0.09 0.03±0.02 0.09 0.027±0.016 0.09
  Agebase × time +0.004±0.004 0.23 +0.005±0.004 0.24 +0.004±0.004 0.28
  WBC exposure (γ01ea for π0i)
   <10th vs 10th–90th −0.11±0.48 0.83 +0.42±0.56 0.45 +0.39±0.54 0.47
   >90th vs 10th–90th −0.36±0.51 0.49 +0.59±0.50 0.25 −0.01±0.52 0.98
 
  WBC exposure × time (γ11ea for π1i)
   <10th vs 10th–90th +0.02±0.11 0.85 +0.16±0.13 0.20 −0.034±0.135 0.80
   >90th vs 10th–90th +0.33±0.13 0.009 +0.09±0.13 0.49 +0.155±0.123 0.21
 Random effects
  Level 1 residuals (Rij) +3.42±0.12 <0.001 +3.43±0.12 <0.001 +3.42±0.12 <0.001
  Level 2 residuals            
   Intercept (ξ0i) +3.51±0.13 <0.001 +3.49±0.13 <0.001 +3.50±0.13 <0.001
   Linear slope (ξ1i) +0.21±0.13 <0.05 +0.22±0.13 NS +0.22±0.12 NS
             
Y = CES-D component 3: positive affect
Fixed effect
  Intercept (γ00 for π0i) +8.53±0.50 <0.001 +8.56±0.50 <0.001 +8.61±0.50 <0.001
  Time (γ10 for π1i) +0.04±0.12 0.69 +0.03±0.12 0.81 +0.02±0.12 0.87
  Agebase +0.023±0.009 0.007 +0.023±0.010 0.008 +0.02±0.01 0.006
  Agebase × time −0.001±0.002 0.53 −0.0011±0.0021 0.61 −0.001±0.002 0.56
  WBC exposure (γ01ea for π0i)
   <10th vs 10th–90th −0.19±0.26 0.47 −0.60±0.30 0.047 0.55±0.29 0.06a
   >90th vs 10th–90th +0.55±0.28 0.047 −0.34±0.27 0.21a −0.69±0.28 0.017
 
  WBC exposure × time (γ11ea for π1i)
    <10th vs 10th–90th −0.04±0.06 0.55 −0.068±0.069 0.33 +0.12±0.07 0.10
   >90th vs 10th–90th −0.17±0.07 0.012 +0.107±0.070 0.12 −0.02±0.07 0.76
 
 Random effects
  Level 1 residuals (Rij) +1.88±0.04 <0.001 +1.88±0.05 <0.001 +1.88±0.05 <0.001
  Level 2 residuals
   Intercept (ξ0i) +1.85±0.07 <0.001 +1.85±0.07 <0.001 +1.84±0.07 <0.001
   Linear slope (ξ1i) +0.00±0.00 NS 0.00±0.00 NS +0.000±0.014 NS
 
Y = CES-D component 4: interpersonal problems
Fixed effect            
  Intercept (γ00 for π0i) +1.28±0.25 <0.001 +1.27±0.25 <0.001 +1.27±0.25 <0.001
  Time (γ10 for π1i) −0.06±0.07 0.38 +0.06±0.07 0.33 −0.055±0.066 0.41
  Agebase −0.008±0.004 0.048 0.008±0.004 0.05 −0.008±0.004 0.047
  Agebase × time +0.003±0.001 0.007 +0.003±0.001 0.007 +0.003±0.001 0.008
             
 WBC exposure (γ01ea for π0i)
   <10th vs 10th–90th +0.037±0.128 0.77 +0.07±0.15 0.64 +0.13±0.14 0.38
   >90th vs 10th–90th −0.052±0.136 0.71 +0.08±0.14 0.54 +0.08±0.14 0.58
 WBC exposure × time (γ11ea for π1i)
   <10th vs 10th–90th +0.010±0.032 0.75 +0.036±0.038 0.35 −0.01±0.04 0.72
   >90th vs 10th–90th +0.071±0.080 0.062 +0.038±0.038 0.33 −0.02±0.04 0.61
 
Random effects
  Level 1 residuals (Rij) +0.96±0.03 <0.001 +0.96±0.04 <0.001 +0.96±0.03 <0.001
  Level 2 residuals
   Intercept (ξ0i) +0.87±0.04 <0.001 +0.87±0.04 <0.001 +0.87±0.04 <0.001
   Linear slope (ξ1i) +0.11±0.02 <0.001 +0.11±0.02 <0.001 +0.11±0.02 <0.001

Abbreviations: AA, arachidonic acid; ALA, α-linolenic acid; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; DPA, docosapentaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; HANDLS, healthy aging in neighborhoods of diversity across the lifespan; HS, high school; HUFA, highly unsaturated fatty acids; LA, linoleic acid; n-3, mega-3; n-6, omega-6; NS, not significant; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; WBC, white blood cell.

a

In a separate model with interaction of WBC exposures by sex by time, including all other terms in the current model, P<0.10 for null hypothesis that this interaction term is =0.

Models were further adjusted for other covariates (main effects and interaction with time). See the 'Materials and methods' section for more details on covariate coding and model specifications. Time at baseline visit was set to zero. Baseline age was centered at 50 years (y), total energy intake at 2000 kcal per day, total carotenoid intake at 3 mg per 1000 kcal per day, vitamin C intake at 30 mg per 1000 kcal per day, vitamin A intake at 300 RE per 1000 kcal per day, vitamin E at 3 mg per 1000 kcal per day, vitamin B-6 at 0.8 mg per 1000 kcal per day, vitamin B-12 at 3 μg per 1000 kcal per day, folate at 170 μg per 1000 kcal per day, n-3 PUFA:n-6 PUFA at 0.11. Healthy Eating Index-2010 was centered at 42. n represents the number of participants in the analysis; n' represents the total number of visits included in the analysis. Findings that were significant at a type I error of 0.05 are in bold. Subscript 'e' refers to exposure whereby 1: TWBCC, 2: PN, 3: PL; 'a' refers to the exposure level whereby 1: <10th vs 10th−90th and 2: >90th vs 10th−90th. Italic entries are when P<0.10 but >0.05, so marginally significant results prior to correction for multiple testing.