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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Oct 1;176(10):1453–1463. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.4182

Table 3.

Age- and sex-standardized characteristics of study participants according to percent of energy from animal and plant protein intake in the healthy- and unhealthy-lifestyle groups*

Variable Animal protein
Plant protein
Healthy-lifestyle group (n=19,647)
Unhealthy-lifestyle group (n=106,134)
Healthy-lifestyle group (n=19,647)
Unhealthy-lifestyle group (n=106,134)
≤ 10% >18% ≤ 10% >18% ≤ 3% >6% ≤ 3% >6%
Male, % 68 12 51 12 16 75 13 68
Age, year 64.5 61.8 63.6 61.1 61.7 64.3 60.6 64.7
Body mass index, kg/m2 22.8 23.1 26.2 27.6 23.1 22.7 26.9 26.3
Physical activity, MET-hours/week 32.7 30.5 18.7 17.9 27.5 35.5 15.0 21.0
Current smoking, % 0 0 17 14 0 0 17 13
Pack-years of smoking 2.9 2.8 26.8 25.1 2.8 2.8 26.2 23.5
Current multivitamin use, % 57 58 49 53 50 62 47 56
History of hypertension, % 30 31 41 45 29 28 42 40
Postmenopausal women, % 91 91 89 89 91 91 87 87
 Current hormone use, %§ 15 18 14 17 17 16 17 18
Dietary intake||
 Alcohol, g/d 5.2 5.1 10.4 6.2 4.2 4.8 8.4 6.0
 Total protein, g/d 62.2 107.1 58.7 103.8 79.3 79.0 78.5 77.9
 Animal protein, g/d 35.6 89.6 36.2 88.3 68.9 47.3 68.3 48.4
 Plant protein, g/d 26.6 17.6 22.5 15.5 10.3 31.7 10.2 29.6
 Carbohydrate, g/d 245.6 173.8 222.1 154.4 149.8 237.4 140.9 211.2
 Glycemic index 53.5 51.6 53.4 51.0 52.7 52.8 51.5 52.6
 Total fat, g/d 59.6 70.4 60.5 73.0 77.0 57.8 75.7 59.9
 Polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.7
 Fiber, g/d 24.3 21.6 20.2 19.6 18.6 27.5 16.5 24.5
 Fruit, serving/week 22.1 17.4 17.2 15.3 17.7 21.7 14.4 17.7
 Vegetable, serving/week 25.3 24.7 21.9 23.8 22.4 29.6 20.3 27.9
 Legume, serving/week 2.4 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.5 3.1 1.3 2.6
 Nut, serving/week 2.7 1.4 2.1 1.1 1.3 3.2 1.0 2.9
 Bean, serving/week 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 1.4 0.5 1.2
 Whole grain, g/d 34.7 29.3 25.5 24.0 24.0 42.0 19.5 32.9
 Unprocessed red meat, serving/week 2.3 3.4 3.0 4.1 3.9 2.1 4.4 2.6
 Processed red meat, serving/week 1.3 1.2 2.0 1.7 1.6 0.8 2.1 1.3
 Chicken, serving/week 2.0 3.8 1.9 3.4 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5
 Egg, serving/week 1.3 1.7 1.6 2.1 1.7 1.4 2.0 1.6
 Fish, serving/week 1.5 2.8 1.4 2.5 1.7 2.1 1.6 2.0
 High-fat dairy, serving/week 6.8 5.2 8.7 6.4 7.8 4.9 8.9 6.0
 Low-fat dairy, serving/week 6.8 10.9 5.7 9.7 9.5 8.4 8.0 7.3

Abbreviations: MET, metabolic equivalent.

*

Healthy lifestyle was defined as never smoking or ever smoking with pack-years of <5, never or moderate alcohol drinking (<14 g/day in women, <28 g/day in men), BMI ≥ 18.5 and <27.5 kg/m2, and physical activity of ≥150-min/week at moderate level or ≥75 min/week at vigorous level (equivalent to ≥7.5 MET-hours/week). Updated information throughout follow-up was used to calculate the mean for continuous variable and percentage for categorical variable. All variables are age- and sex-standardized except age and sex.

Among ever smokers only.

Among women only.

§

Among postmenopausal women only.

||

All dietary factors are energy-adjusted.