Table 3.
Age- and sex-standardized characteristics of study participants according to percent of energy from animal and plant protein intake in the healthy- and unhealthy-lifestyle groups*
| Variable | Animal protein
|
Plant protein
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy-lifestyle group (n=19,647)
|
Unhealthy-lifestyle group (n=106,134)
|
Healthy-lifestyle group (n=19,647)
|
Unhealthy-lifestyle group (n=106,134)
|
|||||
| ≤ 10% | >18% | ≤ 10% | >18% | ≤ 3% | >6% | ≤ 3% | >6% | |
| Male, % | 68 | 12 | 51 | 12 | 16 | 75 | 13 | 68 |
| Age, year | 64.5 | 61.8 | 63.6 | 61.1 | 61.7 | 64.3 | 60.6 | 64.7 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.8 | 23.1 | 26.2 | 27.6 | 23.1 | 22.7 | 26.9 | 26.3 |
| Physical activity, MET-hours/week | 32.7 | 30.5 | 18.7 | 17.9 | 27.5 | 35.5 | 15.0 | 21.0 |
| Current smoking, % | 0 | 0 | 17 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 13 |
| Pack-years of smoking† | 2.9 | 2.8 | 26.8 | 25.1 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 26.2 | 23.5 |
| Current multivitamin use, % | 57 | 58 | 49 | 53 | 50 | 62 | 47 | 56 |
| History of hypertension, % | 30 | 31 | 41 | 45 | 29 | 28 | 42 | 40 |
| Postmenopausal women, %‡ | 91 | 91 | 89 | 89 | 91 | 91 | 87 | 87 |
| Current hormone use, %§ | 15 | 18 | 14 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
| Dietary intake|| | ||||||||
| Alcohol, g/d | 5.2 | 5.1 | 10.4 | 6.2 | 4.2 | 4.8 | 8.4 | 6.0 |
| Total protein, g/d | 62.2 | 107.1 | 58.7 | 103.8 | 79.3 | 79.0 | 78.5 | 77.9 |
| Animal protein, g/d | 35.6 | 89.6 | 36.2 | 88.3 | 68.9 | 47.3 | 68.3 | 48.4 |
| Plant protein, g/d | 26.6 | 17.6 | 22.5 | 15.5 | 10.3 | 31.7 | 10.2 | 29.6 |
| Carbohydrate, g/d | 245.6 | 173.8 | 222.1 | 154.4 | 149.8 | 237.4 | 140.9 | 211.2 |
| Glycemic index | 53.5 | 51.6 | 53.4 | 51.0 | 52.7 | 52.8 | 51.5 | 52.6 |
| Total fat, g/d | 59.6 | 70.4 | 60.5 | 73.0 | 77.0 | 57.8 | 75.7 | 59.9 |
| Polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.7 |
| Fiber, g/d | 24.3 | 21.6 | 20.2 | 19.6 | 18.6 | 27.5 | 16.5 | 24.5 |
| Fruit, serving/week | 22.1 | 17.4 | 17.2 | 15.3 | 17.7 | 21.7 | 14.4 | 17.7 |
| Vegetable, serving/week | 25.3 | 24.7 | 21.9 | 23.8 | 22.4 | 29.6 | 20.3 | 27.9 |
| Legume, serving/week | 2.4 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 3.1 | 1.3 | 2.6 |
| Nut, serving/week | 2.7 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 2.9 |
| Bean, serving/week | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 1.2 |
| Whole grain, g/d | 34.7 | 29.3 | 25.5 | 24.0 | 24.0 | 42.0 | 19.5 | 32.9 |
| Unprocessed red meat, serving/week | 2.3 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 2.1 | 4.4 | 2.6 |
| Processed red meat, serving/week | 1.3 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 1.3 |
| Chicken, serving/week | 2.0 | 3.8 | 1.9 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.5 |
| Egg, serving/week | 1.3 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 1.6 |
| Fish, serving/week | 1.5 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 2.0 |
| High-fat dairy, serving/week | 6.8 | 5.2 | 8.7 | 6.4 | 7.8 | 4.9 | 8.9 | 6.0 |
| Low-fat dairy, serving/week | 6.8 | 10.9 | 5.7 | 9.7 | 9.5 | 8.4 | 8.0 | 7.3 |
Abbreviations: MET, metabolic equivalent.
Healthy lifestyle was defined as never smoking or ever smoking with pack-years of <5, never or moderate alcohol drinking (<14 g/day in women, <28 g/day in men), BMI ≥ 18.5 and <27.5 kg/m2, and physical activity of ≥150-min/week at moderate level or ≥75 min/week at vigorous level (equivalent to ≥7.5 MET-hours/week). Updated information throughout follow-up was used to calculate the mean for continuous variable and percentage for categorical variable. All variables are age- and sex-standardized except age and sex.
Among ever smokers only.
Among women only.
Among postmenopausal women only.
All dietary factors are energy-adjusted.