Table 1.
Characteristics of cases and controls
| Variable | Cases (N=1,076) | Controls (N=4,253) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Mean ± SD) | 62.8 (12.0) | 62.6 (12.0) | NA |
| Male sex (N, %) | 639 (59.4) | 2,521 (59.3) | NA |
| Duration of follow-up (Mean ± SD) | 6.1 (4.0) | 6.1 (4.0) | NA |
| Obesity (N, %) | 242 (22.5) | 842 (19.8) | 0.05 |
| Ever Smoking (N, %) | 493 (45.8) | 1,811 (42.6) | 0.05 |
| Diabetes mellitus (N,%) | 84 (7.8) | 387 (9.1) | 0.19 |
| Cardiovascular disease (N, %) | 88 (8.2) | 362 (8.5) | 0.59 |
| Medications* | |||
| Diltiazem: | |||
| Active users (N, %) | 19 (1.8) | 100 (2.4) | 0.26 |
| Long term users (N, %) | 16 (1.5) | 89 (2.1) | 0.23 |
| Verapamil: | |||
| Active users (N, %) | 6 (0.6) | 23 (0.5) | 0.93 |
| Long term users (N, %) | 4 (0.4) | 20 (0.5) | 0.68 |
| Amiodarone: | |||
| Active users (N, %) | 6 (0.6) | 16 (0.4) | 0.4 |
| Long term users (N, %) | 4 (0.4) | 13 (0.3) | 0.72 |
| Digoxin: | |||
| Active users (N, %) | 11 (1.0) | 53 (1.3) | 0.49 |
| Long term users (N, %) | 10 (0.9) | 48 (1.1) | 0.51 |
*
Active users were defined as individuals with their last prescription within 6 months prior to GBM diagnosis. Long-term users were defined as individuals with their first prescription more than one year before GBM diagnosis and last prescription within 6 months prior to diagnosis.