Table 2.

GBM risk among active long term users^* of specific ion-channel blockers compared to never users

Medication	Diltiazem	Verapamil	Amiodarone	Digoxin
Non-users	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Active users
Unadjusted OR (95%CI)	0.75 (0.46-1.23)	1.04 (0.42-2.56)	1.50 (0.59-3.83)	0.80 (0.41-1.53)
Adjusted OR† (95%CI)	0.76 (0.46-1.25)	1.02 (0.42-2.53)	1.45 (0.56-3.73)	0.79 (0.41-1.53)
Long-term users
Unadjusted OR (95%CI)	0.72 (0.42-1.23)	0.80 (0.27-2.34)	1.23 (0.40-3.77)	0.79 (0.40-1.58)
Adjusted OR† (95%CI)	0.72 (0.42-1.24)	0.80 (0.27-2.34)	1.21 (0.39-3.73)	0.80 (0.40-1.59)

^*Active users were defined as individuals with their last prescription within 6 months prior to GBM diagnosis. Long-term users were defined as individuals with their first prescription more than one year before GBM diagnosis and last prescription within 6 months prior to diagnosis.

^†ORs adjusted for obesity (BMI>30), ever smoking, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. All variables were measured before index date.