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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Phytochemistry. 2016 Aug 26;131:26–43. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.08.006

Figure 2. Multiple R2R3-type MYB Subgroups Regulate the Lignin Biosynthetic Pathways in Arabidopsis and Maize.

Figure 2

Unbroken arrows indicate single enzymatic conversions, and broken arrows indicate multiple enzymatic conversions. (A) Arabidopsis lignin pathways. Adapted from Vanholme et al. (2010, 2013). (B) Maize lignin pathways. Feruloyl-CoA (4) is at the intersection of the G/S lignin and coumarin biosynthetic pathways. Sinapaldehyde (16) is at the intersection of the sinapate ester and S lignin biosynthetic pathways. Monolignols, p-coumaryl (3), coniferyl (6), and sinapyl (8) alcohols, polymerize to form H, G and S lignin, respectively. ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase; C3’H, p-coumaroyl ester 3’-hydroxylase; C4H; cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; CAD, cinnamoyl-alcohol dehydrogenase; 4CL, 4-coumarate:CoA ligase; CCoAOMT, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase; CCR, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase; COMT, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase; CSE, caffeoyl shikimate esterase; F5H, ferulate 5-hydroxylase; F6’H, feruloyl-CoA 6’-hydroxylase; HCT, hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase; LAC, laccase; PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; SCPL, serine carboxypeptidase-like; SGT, sinapate UDP-glucose sinapoyltransferase.