Table 5.

Summary of Direct, Indirect, and Total Effects of POPS, Self-Rated Health, History of Medical Illnesses, and Other Covariates on GDS by Path Analysis

Path	Standardized Coefficients	Direct Effect Coefficients	Indirect Effect Coefficients	Total Effect Coefficients
PATL → GDS	−.32**	−2.03**		−2.03**
EE → GDS	−.08	−.40		−.40
SR Health → GDS	−.37**	−1.65**	−.52*	−2.17***
Hx of Med Illnesses → GDS	−.14	−.53
MMSE → GDS	.04	.07
Age → GDS	−.09	−.19
Gender (Male) → GDS	−.16	−1.55
Education → GDS	.05	.07
Marital Status 2 → GDS	.42	5.38
Marital Status 3 → GDS	.04	1.04
Marital Status 4 → GDS	.42	4.78
Living Arr 2 → GDS	−.24	−1.94
Living Arr 3 → GDS	−.27	−3.03
Living Arr 4 → GDS	−.42*	−3.74*
SR Health → PATL	.36**	.25**		.25**

Note. EE = Emotional Expression; GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale; Hx of Medical Illnesses = History of medical illnesses; Living Arr 2 = Living arrangement as living independently in private home with a full-time aide or living in a senior living facility providing meals, medical, and nursing care; Living Arr 3 = Living arrangement as living independently in private home with a part-time aide, living in a senior housing facility; living with friend/relative who helps; Living Arr 4 = Living arrangement as living independently in private home without aide or with friend/relative who does not help; Marital Status 2 = Separated/divorced; Marital Status 3 = Widowed; Marital Status 4 = Never married; POPS = Personality Outlook Profile Scale; PATL = Positive Attitude Towards Life; SR Health = Self-Rated Health.

^*p < .05

^**p < .01

^***p < .001