Table 2.

Overview of MISS Contrast Brain Activation Group Differences

	Extent in Voxels	t Value	MNI Coordinates			Side	Region Name	Remark
			X	Y	Z
Timing networks	71	−6.60	2	−74	−34		Cerebellum Vermis VII	Structures known to be involved during timing paradigms in healthy controls. The cerebellar vermis contains the fastigial and dentate nuclei and is known as the “limbic cerebellum” with bilateral connections to dopaminergic regions (VTA, hippocampus, NAcc). Reduced vermis volume is the most common cerebellar structural deficit in schizophrenia
	36	−5.71	0	−38	−18		Cerebellum Vermis I/II
	17	−5.32	−2	−74	−18		Cerebellum Vermis VI
	1193	8.45	18	−82	−26	R	Cerebellum Crus I
	1193	8.23	34	−77	−39	R	Cerebellum Crus II
	1193	5.51	30	−70	−22	R	Cerebellum Crus VI
	226	7.95	−32	−74	−39	L	Cerebellum Crus II
	131	−8.51	2	10	52	R	Supplementary Motor Area
	37	−5.27	12	8	68	R	Supplementary Motor Area
	15	−5.29	−15	−6	57	L	Supplementary Motor Area
	168	−4.82	22	12	2	R	Putamen
	41	−5.60	18	6	1	R	Putamen/Pallidum
Limbic structures	4609	6.36	−42	−26	−14	L	hippocampus	All limbic and reward processing structures hyperactivate in schizophrenia compared to controls; at the same time, all these structures are part of the dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway
	4609	8.15	−25	−19	−17	L	Hippocampus
	632	6.53	29	−14	−18	R	Hippocampus
	4609	6.64	−26	−32	−12	L	Parahippocampal Gyrus
	632	6.51	24	−6	−18	R	Amygdala
	481	7.39	0	2	−13		Nucleus Accumbens/ olfactory tubercle
	208	6.96	2	14	30	R	Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Default Mode Network	4609	9.66	−2	−56	24	L	Precuneus	DMN is known to fail to deactivate in schizophrenia, hence the relative hyperactivation in schizophrenia patients compared to controls
	4609	7.81	12	−53	31	R	Precuneus
	4609	9.62	8	−38	32	R	Posterior Cingulate Cortex
	4609	8.31	−5	−41	43	L	Middle Cingulate Cortex
	343	8.85	−64	−10	−12	R	Middle Temporal Gyrus
	159	7.64	56	0	−18	L	Middle Temporal Gyrus
	1680	9.73	−8	52	6	L	Superior Frontal Gyrus— Medial Part
	135	6.3	4	44	38	R	Superior Frontal Gyrus— Medial Part
	1099	7.8	−36	−71	46	L	Angular Gyrus
	288	6.8	42	−72	36	R	Angular Gyrus
Motor regions	854	6.21	−53	1	22	L	Precentral Gyrus	motor cortices, button pressing
	854	6.02	−50	−11	35	L	Postcentral Gyrus
	602	7.37	58	−6	16	R	Postcentral Gyrus
	132	7.28	27	−27	53	R	Precentral Gyrus
Insula	103	6.04	−40	−4	−10	L	Insula	interoceptive awareness, known to be involved in hallucinations in schizophrenia
	632	8.02	36	4	−14	R	Insula
	168	−6.64	26	20	6	R	Insula
	168	−4.81	38	16	2	R	Insula
	602	7.24	43	−11	24	R	Rolandic Operculum
	854	7.64	−46	−10	22	L	Rolandic Operculum
Fusiform	4609	6.34	−23	−41	−11	L	Fusiform Gyrus	face recognition
	632	7.01	26	−36	−22	R	Fusiform Gyrus
	118	7.38	38	−48	−24	R	Fusiform Gyrus
Frontal	1680	9.01	−26	58	12	L	Superior Frontal Gyrus
	91	7.76	−22	32	38	L	Superior Frontal Gyrus
	37	−5.82	12	0	72	R	Superior Frontal Gyrus
	854	7.46	−40	10	38	L	Middle Frontal Gyrus
	29	−5.79	40	38	30	R	Middle Frontal Gyrus
	7	−5.06	27	−2	56	R	Middle Frontal Gyrus
	588	6.93	−50	34	8	L	Inferior Frontal Gyrus—pars triangulars
	588	6.34	−43	30	−12	L	Inferior Frontal Gyrus—pars orbitalis
	168	−5.98	40	24	−2	R	Inferior Frontal Gyrus—pars triangulars
	1680	10.12	−12	62	−2	L	Medial Surface of the Frontal Lobe— Orbital Part
Occipital	1099	8.85	−32	−86	24	L	Middle Occipital Gyrus
	1099	7.43	−43	−65	25	L	Middle Occipital Gyrus
	100	7.53	24	−90	34	R	Superior Occipital Gyrus
	68	7.85	12	−102	10	R	Superior Occipital Gyrus
	18	−5.91	40	−64	4	R	Middle Occipital Gyrus
	7	−5.19	36	−72	22	R	Middle Occipital Gyrus
Pariet	6	−5.29	−30	−56	52	L	Inferior Parietal Lobule
	23	−5.43	53	−37	34	R	SupraMarginal Gyrus
Temp	588	6.28	−57	12	−11	L	Superior Temporal Pole
	22	6.35	36	24	−24	R	Superior Temporal Pole

Note: MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute. All regions surviving the whole-brain 0.05 FWE multiple comparisons correcture are shown (P < 1.67×10⁻⁶). Bold shows hypoactivations and unbold shows hyperactivations in schizophrenia subjects compared to controls.