Table 2.
Patients’ demographic and echocardiographic characteristics and study endpoints stratified by Left Ventricular Longitudinal Strain (LVLS)
| Characteristics | Left Ventricular Longitudinal Strain (LVLS) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics, mean (SD) | Normal (n=14) | Abnormal (n=40) | P-value |
| Age, years | 51.2 (20.1) | 53.8 (12.6) | 0.68 |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.49 | ||
| Male | 5 (41.7) | 11 (29.7) | |
| Female | 7 (58.3) | 26 (70.3) | |
|
Health Status and Comorbidities, mean (SD) | |||
| Weight (kg) | 72.9 (18.3) | 85.6 (28.3) | 0.17 |
| Heart rate, /minute | 88.4 (21.9) | 86.8 (19.5) | 0.81 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 5 (41.7) | 13 (35.1) | 0.74 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 3 (25) | 13 (35.1) | 0.73 |
| COPD, n (%) | 2 (16.7) | 5 (13.5) | 1.00 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 2 (16.7) | 8 (21.6) | 1.00 |
| Alcohol, n (%) | 0 (0) | 9 (24.3) | 0.09 |
| MAP, mmHg | 73.1 (19.2) | 76.1 (14.4) | 0.57 |
| MAP at time of echo, mmHg | 85.3 (14.8) | 83.9 (19) | 0.82 |
| Central venous pressure, mmHg | 7 (2.3) | 9.5 (4.4) | 0.17 |
| Creatinine, nmol/l | 177 (221) | 186 (1.8) | 0.92 |
| Pressor, n (%) | 3 (27.3) | 9 (26.5) | 1.00 |
| SOFA | 7.8 (3.7) | 8.7 (4.6) | 0.58 |
| SOFA, on day of echo | 6.4 (4.9) | 9.1 (4.3) | 0.13 |
| Glasgow Coma Scale | 10.3 (4.6) | 9.4 (4.8) | 0.61 |
| Lactate, mmol/l | 0.4 (0.4) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.58 |
| Troponin I, μg/l | 15.7 (39.8) | 16.7 (73.4) | 0.97 |
| Fluid balance, litres | 1.6 (0.8) | 2.1 (0.7) | 0.06 |
| Sepsis Source | 0.33 | ||
| Pneumonia/UTI/Blood/Catheter | 6 (50) | 19 (54.3) | |
| Vascular | 1 (8.3) | 1 (2.9) | |
| Soft tissue | 3 (25) | 13 (37.1) | |
| Abdominal | 1 (8.3) | 1 (2.9) | |
| Central nervous system | 0 (0) | 1 (2.9) | |
| Infective endocarditis | 1 (8.3) | 0 (0) | |
|
Global Echo Variables, mean (SD) | |||
| Abnormal TMAD, n (%) | 2 (14.3) | 30 (75) | <0.001 |
| TMAD (Global) | 13.7 (3.4) | 7.9 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| TMAD 1AP2 | 14 (12) | 8.6 (7.2) | <.001 |
| TMAD 2AP2 | 13.9 (5.1) | 7.8 (4.8) | <.001 |
| TMAD MAP2 | 13.6 (3.6) | 8.1 (4) | <.001 |
| TMAD 1AP4 | 14.6 (5.2) | 7.2 (3) | <.001 |
| TMAD 2AP4 | 13.7 (4.5) | 8.1 (3.2) | <.001 |
| TMAD MAP4 | 14.1 (4.4) | 7.6 (3) | <.001 |
| Ejection fraction, % | 57.4 (5.9) | 49.1 (12.7) | <.003 |
| LV ESD, cm | 3 (0.8) | 3.4 (1) | 0.18 |
| LV EDD, cm | 4.4 (0.8) | 4.5 (0.8) | 0.67 |
| LA dimension, cm | 3.6 (0.6) | 3.9 (1) | 0.31 |
| LA maximal dimension, cm | 5.2 (1.4) | 5.7 (0.75) | 0.29 |
| LA minimal dimension, cm | 3.9 (0.6) | 4.1 (1) | 0.43 |
| E/E′ ratio | 14.1 (5.9) | 16.6 (9.9) | 0.51 |
| E/A ratio | 1.2 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.45) | 0.52 |
| Fractional area change, % | 39.7 (11.7) | 32.2 (11.5) | 0.06 |
| LVEDV, ml | 94.6 (48.7) | 103.8 (45.2) | 0.53 |
| LVESV, ml | 45 (37.2) | 62.9 (33.7) | 0.10 |
|
Outcomes, mean (SD) | |||
| Death, n (%) | 6 (50) | 12 (33.3) | 0.33 |
| Length of ICU stay (days) | 21.6 (25) | 20.2 (22) | 0.85 |
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 41.3 (28.7) | 43.7 (48.3) | 0.88 |
| Length of mechanical ventilation (days) | 17.1 (26.9) | 14 (15.1) | 0.71 |
TMAD measured in mm. COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, MAP=mean arterial blood pressure, SOFA=Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, UTI=urinary tract infection, TMAD=tissue mitral annular displacement, TMAD 1AP2=tissue mitral annular displacement anterior in apical 2-chamber window, TMAD 2AP2=tissue mitral annular displacement inferior in apical 2-chamber window, TMAD MAP2=tissue mitral annular displacement midpoint in apical 2-chamber window, TMAD 1AP4=tissue mitral annular displacement anteroseptal in apical 4-chamber window, TMAD 2AP4=tissue mitral annular displacement anterolateral in apical 4-chamber window, TMAD MAP4=tissue mitral annular displacement midpoint in apical 2-chamber window, LV ESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume, EDV=end-diastolic volume, EDD=end-diastolic dimension, ESD=end-systolic dimension, LA=left atrial, E/E′=early trans-mitral inflow velocity to early lateral mitral annular tissue velocity ratio, E/A=ratio of early to late diastolic trans-mitral inflow velocity, ICU=intensive care unit, LVLS=left ventricular global longitudinal strain.