Table 3.
Test statistics and effect size for each outcome measure.
| Outcome Measure | One-way analysis of (co-)variance | Two-way analysis of variance | Effect size (Hedges’ g [95% confidence interval]; partial eta squared (ηp2)) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amplitude of net centre of pressure (root mean square; cm)○ | |||
|
| |||
| D6 (1.60–3.20Hz) | F1,82=10.37, p=0.002* | 0.88 [0.17, 1.59]; 0.11 | |
| D7 (0.80–1.60Hz) | F1,82=13.71, p<0.002* | 0.88 [0.17, 1.60]; 0.14 | |
| D8 (0.40–0.80Hz) | F1,82=9.88, p=0.002* | 0.78 [0.083, 1.47]; 0.11 | |
| D9 (0.20–0.40Hz) | F1,80=0.58, p=0.45 | 0.72 [0.028, 1.41]; 0.007 | |
| Group–covariate interaction (sex) | F2,80=2.28, p=0.11 | ||
| D10 (0.10–0.20Hz) | F1,82=1.74, p=0.19 | 0.16 [−0.39, 0.71]; 0.021 | |
| D11 (0.050–0.10Hz) | F1,82=1.79, p=0.19 | 0.15 [−0.39, 0.70]; 0.021 | |
| Non-decomposed signal | F1,82=5,68, p=0.019 | 0.45 [−0.18, 1.07]; 0.065 | |
|
| |||
| Between-limb synchronization (cross-correlation coefficient at zero time lag)■ | |||
|
| |||
| D6 (1.60–3.20Hz) | F1,59=2.17, p=0.15 | Group: F1,59=3.31, p=0.074 | 0.50 [−0.14, 1.15]; 0.053 |
| Group–covariate interaction (CMSA foot score) | F2,59=7.23, p=0.002Δ | CMSA: F1,59=7.30, p=0.009 | |
| Interaction: F1,59=0.63, p=0.43 | |||
| D7 (0.80–1.60Hz) | F1,59=1.63, p=0.21 | Group: F1,59=1.64, p=0.21 | 0.54 [−0.13, 1.20]; 0.027 |
| Group–covariate interaction (CMSA foot score) | F2,59=5.90, p=0.005Δ | CMSA: F1,59=4.96, p=0.030 | |
| Interaction: F1,59=0.001, p=0.97 | |||
| D8 (0.40–0.80Hz) | F1,59=0.14, p=0.71 | Group: F1,59=0.30, p=0.58 | 0.060 [−0.46, 0.58]; 0.005 |
| Group–covariate interaction (CMSA foot score) | F2,59=7.22, p=0.002Δ | CMSA: F1,59=7.63, p=0.008 | |
| Interaction: F1,59=0.10, p=0.75 | |||
| D9 (0.20–0.40Hz) | F1,61=0.76, p=0.39 | 0.24 [−0.33, 0.71]; 0.012 | |
| D10 (0.10–0.20Hz) | F1,61=11.45, p=0.001* | 0.46 [−0.16, 1.08]; 0.16 | |
| D11 (0.050–0.10Hz) | F1,61=0.23, p=0.63 | 0.089 [−0.43, 0.61]; 0.004 | |
| Non-decomposed signal | F1,59=5.00, p=0.029 | Group: F1,59=4.16, p=0.046 | 0.11 [−0.42, 0.64]; 0.066 |
| Group–covariate interaction (CMSA foot score) | F1,59=6.52, p=0.003Δ | CMSA: F1,59=0.82, p=0.37 | |
| Interaction: F1,59=4.63, p=0.036 | |||
|
| |||
| Ratio of individual-limb root mean square■ | |||
|
| |||
| D6 (1.60–3.20Hz) | F1,61=1.80, p=0.18 | 0.36 [−0.25, 0.96]; 0.029 | |
| D7 (0.80–1.60Hz) | F1,61=1.23, p=0.27 | 0.30 [−0.29, 0.88]; 0.020 | |
| D8 (0.40–0.80Hz) | F1,61=2.05, p=0.16 | 0.38 [−0.23, 0.99]; 0.032 | |
| D9 (0.20–0.40Hz) | F1,61=2.75, p=0.10 | 0.44 [−0.19, 1.07]; 0.043 | |
| D10 (0.10–0.20Hz) | F1,61=3.18, p=0.08 | 0.48 [−0.16, 1.12]; 0.050 | |
| D11 (0.050–0.10Hz) | F1,61=0.51, p=0.48 | 0.19 [−0.36, 0.75]; 0.008 | |
| Non-decomposed signal | F1,61=1.73, p=0.19 | 0.35 [−0.25, 0.96]; 0.028 | |
○
Groups determined based on unconstrained lean-and-release trials;
■
Groups determined based on encouraged-use lean-and-release trials;
*
Significant effect of the factor of Group (Holm-Bonferroni adjusted alpha for groups based on unconstrained lean-and-release trials, α=0.007; for groups based on encouraged-use lean-and-release trials, α=0.004);
Δ
Significant interaction between the factor of Group and the covariate.