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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Anaerobe. 2016 May 12;41:37–43. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.05.006

Table 1.

Taxonomic alterations associated with CDI risk factors as compared to a healthy gut microbiome

CDI Risk Factor Decreased Taxa Increased Taxa References
Advanced age Ruminococcaceae, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, (125–128)
Antibiotic exposure Bacteroidiaceae, Clostridiales, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Bifidobacteria Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcaceae, Lactobaciliaceae, Streptococcaceae (14–16, 63, 64)
IBD Firmicutes, Lachnospiraceae, Rumonicoccaceae, and Clostridiales; Bifidobacteria Enterobacteriaceae, including E. coli; Fusobacterium, Mycobacterium (129–140)
Proton Pump Inhibitors Ruminococcacae, Clostridiales Lactobacillales, Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae, Enterococcaceae (141–143)
Chemotherapy Clostridiales, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae Bacteroidetes, Enterococcaceae Enterobacteriaceae (144, 145)