Table 1.
Sleep loss procedures.
| Human procedures | Duration | Animal models | Duration | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sleep deprivation (SD) | (i) Shift working [117] (ii) Voluntary SD [117] |
(i) Several days (ii) 12–90 h |
(i) Modified multiple platform method (REM SD) [118] (ii) Gentle SD (total SD) [119] (iii) Disk-over-water method (total and selective SD) [120] |
(i) 3–96 h (ii) 3–96 h (iii) 3–96 h |
|
| ||||
| Sleep restriction (SR) | (i) Voluntarily SR [117] | (i) 3–5 h | (i) Modified multiple platform method [7] (ii) Rotating bar at the bottom of the house-cage [8] |
(i) 20 h of SD plus 4 h of daily sleep recovery (ii) 18 h of SD plus 6 h of daily sleep recovery |
|
| ||||
| Sleep fragmentation (SF) | (i) Obstructive apnoea patients [117] (ii) The elderly [117] |
(i) Several days (ii) Several days |
(i) Gentle manipulation coupled to EEG recording [119] (ii) Disk-over-water method [120] |
(i) 1 to several days (ii) 1 to several days |
Sleep deprivation consists of sleep loss without sleep opportunity along a short period; sleep restriction consists of a reduction in total sleep time with short periods of sleep opportunity; and sleep fragmentation consists of multiple awakenings during sleep time.