Table 1.

Sleep loss procedures.

	Human procedures	Duration	Animal models	Duration
Sleep deprivation (SD)	(i) Shift working [117] (ii) Voluntary SD [117]	(i) Several days (ii) 12–90 h	(i) Modified multiple platform method (REM SD) [118] (ii) Gentle SD (total SD) [119] (iii) Disk-over-water method (total and selective SD) [120]	(i) 3–96 h (ii) 3–96 h (iii) 3–96 h
Sleep restriction (SR)	(i) Voluntarily SR [117]	(i) 3–5 h	(i) Modified multiple platform method [7] (ii) Rotating bar at the bottom of the house-cage [8]	(i) 20 h of SD plus 4 h of daily sleep recovery (ii) 18 h of SD plus 6 h of daily sleep recovery
Sleep fragmentation (SF)	(i) Obstructive apnoea patients [117] (ii) The elderly [117]	(i) Several days (ii) Several days	(i) Gentle manipulation coupled to EEG recording [119] (ii) Disk-over-water method [120]	(i) 1 to several days (ii) 1 to several days

Sleep deprivation consists of sleep loss without sleep opportunity along a short period; sleep restriction consists of a reduction in total sleep time with short periods of sleep opportunity; and sleep fragmentation consists of multiple awakenings during sleep time.