Table 1.

List of medicinal plants, experimental methods, and their biological effects on induced periodontitis.

Plant species	Plant material	Route of administration	Animal used (gender)	Type of induction/time of analysis	Antibacterial effect1	Bone loss/method2	Anti-inflammatory activity3	Reference
Panax notoginseng and Rehmannia radix	Mixture of extracts (9 : 1 weight)	Oral	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Injecting E. coli endotoxin (LPS)/28 days	Not evaluated	Reduced ABC/µCT	Reduced the in vitro release of TNF-α from human monocytic cells and hGF cells	Almeida et al. [2]
Ocimum sanctum	Tulsi extract	Topical	Rattus norvegicus (male and female)	Silk ligature/9 days	Not evaluated	Not reduced ABC/Stereo	Presented anti-inflammatory activity in another experimental model	Hosadurga et al. [4]
Scutellaria baicalensis	Baicalin	Oral	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Nylon ligature/7 days	Not evaluated	Reduced ABC/histology	Not evaluated	Cai et al. [6]
Rhizoma coptidis, Hydrastis canadensis, and Cortex phellodendri	Berberine	Oral	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Silk ligature/8 days	Not evaluated	Reduced ABC/µCT	Not evaluated	Tu et al. [7]
Cucurbita pepo, Mentha piperita, Crataegus spp., Rosmarinus officinalis, Capsicum annuum, and Achillea millefolium	LongoVital®	Oral	Rattus norvegicus (male and female)	Injecting A. viscosus and P. gingivalis/63 days	Not evaluated	Reduced ABC/Radio	Not evaluated	Klausen et al. [8]
Mangifera indica	Mangiferin (Sigma-Aldrich Co.)	Oral	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Cotton ligature/1, 4, and 7 days	Not evaluated	Reduced ABC/histology	Inhibited COX-2 expression, the rolling, and adhesion of leukocytes in the periodontal tissue	Carvalho et al. [9]
Curcuma longa	Curcumin (Sigma-Aldrich Co.)	Gavage	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Nylon ligature/30 days	Not evaluated	Reduced ABC/histology	Reduced the expression of TNF-α in gingival tissues	Zhou et al. [10]
Magnolia officinalis	Magnolol (Sigma-Aldrich Co.)	Oral	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Silk ligature/9 days	In vitro activity against P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitan	Reduced ABC/µCT	Inhibited neutrophil migration, MPO activity, and COX-2 and iNOS expression in gingival tissues	Lu et al. [11]
Rhizoma drynariae and Rehmannia glutinosa	Bu-Shen-Gu-Chi-Wan (JiuZhiTang Pharmaceutical)	Oral	Rattus norvegicus (female)	Injecting P. gingivalis and ligature/28 days	Not evaluated	Improved the mineral density of the bone/µCT	Reduced levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the periodontal tissues	Yang et al. [12]
Pinus pinaster	Pycnogenol® (Tradepia Co.)	Oral	Balb/c (male)	Injecting P. gingivalis/34 days	Antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis	Reduced ABC/Stereo	Not evaluated	Sugimoto et al. [13]
Vaccinium macrocarpon	Aqueous extract containing tannin and phenolic compounds	Oral	Mus musculus (female)	Injecting P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum/42 days	Anti-adhesive properties against P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum. Increased the phagocytosis of P. gingivalis	Not evaluated	Reduced in vivo levels of TNF-α	Polak et al. [15]
Curcuma longa	Curcumin	Topical	Rattus norvegicus	Silk ligature/28 days	Not evaluated	Did not reduce ABC/Stereo	Exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in another experimental model	Hosadurga et al. [16]
Camellia sinensis	Extract containing Catechin	Topical	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Injecting E. coli (LPS) and S. griseus (proteases)/56 days	Not evaluated	Did not reduce ABC/histology	Reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and levels of TNF-α in the periodontal lesion	Maruyama et al. [19]
Spatholobus suberectus	Aqueous extract	Oral	Mus musculus (male)	Injecting P. gingivalis /42 days	In vitro antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis	Reduced ABC/Stereo	Not evaluated	Toyama et al. [20]
Carapa guianensis	Andiroba oil	Oral	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Cotton ligature/50 days	Not evaluated	Did not reduce ABC/histology	Reduced the quantity of inflammatory cells in histology	Carmona et al. [21]
Protium heptaphyllum	α-amyrin and β-amyrin	Oral	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Nylon ligature/1 day	Not evaluated	Not evaluated	Reduced gingival TNF-α levels and MPO activity	Holanda Pinto et al. [22]
Camellia sinensis	Extract containing Catechin	Oral	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Nylon ligature/7, 14, and 28 days	Not evaluated	Reduced ABC/histology	Reduced in vivo levels of TNF-α	Cho et al. [23]
Ipomoea alba	Mixture of dichloromethane and methanol extract	Topical	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Cotton ligature/11 days	In vitro antibacterial activity against S. mutans and E. faecalis	Did not reduce ABC/Stereo	Not evaluated	Barrella et al. [24]
Lippia sidoides and Myracrodruon urundeuva	Mixture of leaf essential oil and hydroalcoholic solution from bark	Topical	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Nylon ligature/11 days	Prevented the growth of oral microorganisms from gingival tissue	Reduced ABC/histology	Reduced MPO activity and inhibited TNF-α and IL-1β production in gingival tissue	Botelho et al. [25]
Lippia sidoides	Carvacrol	Topical	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Nylon ligature/11 days	Prevented the growth of oral microorganisms from gingival tissue	Reduced ABC/AFM	Reduced MPO activity in gingival tissue	Botelho et al. [26]
Hypericum Perforatum	Methanolic extract	Oral	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Silk ligature /8 days	Not evaluated	Reduced ABC/Stereo	Reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, vascular permeability, expression of NF-κB, and MPO activity in gingivomucosal tissue	Paterniti et al. [27]
Cordia verbenacea	Essential oil	Topical	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Cotton ligature/11 days	Reduced in vivo frequency of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans	Reduced ABC/histology	Increment in the in vivo levels of IL-10	Pimentel et al. [28]
Camellia sinensis	Extract containing Catechin	Topical	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Injecting E. coli (LPS)/10 and 20 days	Not evaluated	Reduced ABC/histology	Reduced inflammatory cell infiltration	Yoshinaga et al. [29]
Theobroma cacao	Cocoa extract containing flavonoids	Oral	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Cotton ligature/28 days	Not evaluated	Reduced ABC/histology	Reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio and neutrophil infiltration	Tomofuji et al. [30]
Mikania laevigata	Ethanol extract	Subcutaneous	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Nylon ligature/30 days	Not evaluated	Reduced the furcation region/histology	Reduced neutrophil accumulation in the gingival tissue	Benatti et al. [31]
Pimpinella anisum, Illicium verum, and Anethum foeniculum	Anethole	Intraperitoneal	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Injecting E. coli (LPS)/10 days	Not evaluated	Not evaluated	Reduced serum levels of IL-1β and TNF-α	Moradi et al. [32]
Curcuma spp.	Modified curcumin	Gavage	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Injecting E. coli (LPS)/14 days	Not evaluated	Reduced ABC/Stereo, and µCT	Reduced serum level of IL-1β	Elburki et al. [33]
Syringa vulgaris	Product of fermentation	Oral	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Silk ligature/8 days	Not evaluated	Reduced ABC/Stereo	Reduced NF-κB and iNOS expression, MPO activity, and other inflammatory parameters in gingivomucosal tissue	Paola et al. [34]
Ginkgo biloba	Ginkgo biloba extract	Oral	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Silk ligature/11 days	Not evaluated	Reduced ABC/histology	Not evaluated	Sezer et al. [35]
Curcuma spp.	Curcumin	Gavage	Rattus norvegicus (male)	Cotton ligature/15 days	Not evaluated	Did not reduce ABC/µCT	Reduced the inflammatory cell infiltrate to gingival tissue	Guimarães et al. [36]

¹ Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. ²ABC: alveolar bone crest, µCT: microcomputed tomography, AFM: atomic force microscopy, Stereo: stereomicroscopy, Radio_: radiography. ³TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α, hGF: hepatocyte growth factor, MPO: myeloperoxidase activity, IL-1β: interleukin-1 beta, IL-10: interleukin-10, NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-β, COX-2: ciclooxigenase-2, and iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase.